ICC exam 2
Chapter 4 - What are the Keys to Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities? (yes, select concepts are covered again in Test
Intercultural acculturation process - the degree of identity change that occurs when an individual moves from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one
Cultural-ethnic identity typological model
Multiracial identities - discuss identity challenges and family dynamic issues, realizing that they are not alone
Systems-level factors
socioeconomic conditions
local resources
host countries attitudes
Individual-level factors
push + pull motivations
knowledge + preparation
intergenerational communication
ability to communicate
demographic variables
Interpersonal face-to-face and relational network factors - ethnic enclaves or online groups connecting people
Assimilated identity - use social mobility strategies, acculturate linguistically + culturally
Enculturation - sustained, primary socialization process of individuals in their original home (or natal) culture wherein they have internalized their primary heritage values
in your own culture
Intercultural acculturation process - the degree of identity change that occurs when an individual moves from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one
Acculturation - the long-term incremental identity-related change process of immigrants and refugees in a new environment
Intergenerational communication - generation-based age differences
Contact network - a combination of personal and social ties in the new culture in which
Affective resources - identity support and relational empathic messages
Instrumental resources - support with task- related goals, practical assistance
Informational resources - sharing knowledge and keeping up with important host country and country-of-origin news
Mass media - plays a critical role during the initial stages of adaptation
Social media - tool in the acculturation process to aid and assist immigrants to remain in contact with family, friends, and relatives in their hometowns.
Intergroup adaptive strategies
Social mobility strategy - strategic “passing” and “self- empowering” strategy that individuals use to fit into the dominant group for identity and status upgrades
Social creativity strategy - used to improve their status and group identity by redefining a negative aspect, changing a comparison referent, highlighting specific and positive aspects, or creating a new dimension of comparison
social competition strategy - used to fight for the rights of a group and identity recognition through protest movements
Chapter 5 - What is Culture Shock?
Culture shock - a stressful transitional period when individuals move from a familiar environment into an unfamiliar one
Third Culture Kids / Global nomads - individuals who have been raised internationally, usually due to a parent’s overseas occupation
Cultural distance - differences in cultural values, language, verbal styles, nonverbal gestures, learning styles, decision-making styles, conflict negotiation styles, as well as differences in religion, political, and economic systems
Tolerance for ambiguity
Psychological adjustment approach - the use of psychological/internal strategies to boost sojourners’ own feelings of well-being and satisfaction during cross-cultural transitions
Positive situational appraisal - changing perceptions and interpretations of the stressful event or situation
Sociocultural adjustment approach - the ability to socially reach out and try to fit in and execute appropriate and effective interactions in a new cultural setting
W-shaped adjustment model -
honeymoon stage - individuals are excited about their new cultural environment
frustration/hostility stage - sojourners experience major emotional upheavals
the early returnees, the time servers, the participators
rebounding/humorous stage - sojourners with strong motivation to adapt successfully pull themselves out of the frustration/hostility stage
in-sync adjustment stage - sojourners start to realize that there are pros and cons in each culture
ambivalence stage - sojourners experience grief, nostalgia, and pride, with a mixed sense of relief and heartache that they are going home
reentry culture shock stage - sojourners face an unexpected jolt
resocialization stage
resocializers (quietly reassimilate), alienators (don’t fit back in), transformers ( active agents of change in their home culture)
Cross-cultural empathy - being able to participate in another person’s experience in your imagination, thinking it intellectually and feeling it emotionally
Positive self-talk - create a more resilient mindset
PEW Readings
Describe the attitudes towards migrants in the US and abroad
US, contributions immigrants make to the country, concerns about illegal immigration + impact on job competition and social services
Abroad, in emerging economies positive view towards diversity and immigrants, concerns about economic competition + cultural differences
Who has more positive views of diversity?
emerging economies tend to have positive views of diversity (India, Mexico, and the Philippines) European countries don’t
How can we improve views of diversity?
Education and Awareness
Community Engagement
Positive Media Representation
Policy Interventions
Proportion of immigrants of the US population - immigrants make up 13.8% of the US population
How have immigration patterns changed (e.g., number and regions)
shift towards immigrants from Latin America and Asia. In 2022, about 23% of all US immigrants were born in Mexico
recent rise in immigrants from countries like China and India
According to the PEW (2020) and Ting-Toomey and Chung (2022), generally, more contact is related to more positive opinions of other racial, ethnic and religious groups within a given society.
Most immigrants living in the U.S. are unauthorized. false
Chapter 11 - Why Does Global Identity Matter?
Language on the Internet - The Internet allows users to develop relationships across the barriers of time, space, geography, and across cultural–ethnic boundaries
Temporal zone dialectics
monotract focus - present-in-the- moment enet’er philosophy means the monotrack enet’er’s prefer to use separate channels or platforms to initiate and complete one task at a time
multitract focus - being-in-doing enet’er philosophy means that the multitrack enet’er’s can fuse the “being mode” relationship dimension with the “doing mode” instrumental dimension
Local and global identities - At the same time as they embrace the need for individual privacy and expression, they also long for global belonging and connection that transcends traditional ethnic-cultural boundaries
Pop culture - cultural interdependence on the global economy, e-commerce, mass media, and social network platforms. Individuals who support pop culture see the world as constantly changing, interdependent, and hip
Enet’er - individuals around the globe, from any age group, who are connected to each other across time and space via the Internet, which influences aspects of their identity.
Morphing - implies individuals who embrace their local values, the function of individual privacy and expression, but who also long for global belonging and connection that transcends traditional ethnic-cultural boundaries (enet’er middle ground)
Fixator - always online, expressing their daily lives via a multitude of social media platforms (full enet’er)
Understanding Media & Culture
Cultural product - transfer of such a product is likely to have an influence on the recipient’s culture ex. media
Homogenization - the local culture becomes more like the culture of the United States
Heterogenization - aspects of U.S. culture come to exist alongside local culture, causing the culture to become more diverseVertical integration
Globalization - describes how trade + technology have made the world into a more connected + interdependent place
Glocalization - the adaptation of global products and strategies to local markets and cultures
Cultural imperialism - one culture / nation asserts its power over another, US superpower today
Cultural hegemony - domination or cultural rule maintained through ideological or cultural means
culture / media has powerful influence + can make workers buy into system not beneficial for them
Technology adoption life cycle - diffusion of technology
Innovators - experimentalists interested in technology
Early adopters - technically sophisticated, use tech for solving professional + acaemic problems
Early majority - 1st part of mainstream, bring tech to common use
Late majority - less comfortable w/ tech + skeptical
laggards - resistant + critical of its use
Cultural diffusion - how many different parts of cultures are adopted by other cultures
McDonaldization - key danger of cultural imperialism, idea that American’s tastes will crowd out local cultures around the globe
efficiency, calculability, predictability to the extreme
Chapter 12 - How Can We Become Ethical Intercultural Communicators?
Ethics / ethical mindset - a community’s perspective on “what is good and bad in human conduct
Parallel thinking - substituting any problematic global or local news event with ingroups or intimate networks, and cross-checking whether you would still arrive at a similar attribution process or a similar emotional reaction
Cultural empathy
Cultural empathetic understanding - learned ability to understand the self-other identity experiences in different situational contexts through our willingness to listen mindfully, dialogue, and reframe the situation from projecting and imagining how the other really feels
Cultural empathetic responsiveness
O-D-I-S - When entering a new culture, learn and practice (Observation—Description—Interpretation—Suspend ethnocentric judgment)
Ethical decision-making schema - problem recognition, information search, construction of alternatives, decision-making choice, and implementation.
Ethical absolutism - emphasizes the principles of right and wrong in accordance with a set of universally fixed (and ethnocentric) standards regardless of cultural differences
Ethical relativism - understanding the importance of the cultural context where the problematic conduct is taking place
Meta-ethics - cultivating an ethical way of thinking and living in our daily lives that transcends any particular ideological position
Moral reality - about distinctive traditions and divergent value orientation issues
Conflict reality - about how different membership factions view the meaning of conflict, the perceived conflict story, and how conflict should be addressed and managed
Justice reality - connotes the development of criteria or standards of what constitutes a just or right solution to all parties involved or in a power-imbalance case, the disenfranchised groups
Derived ethical-universalism position - highlights an integrative, culture-universal and culture-specific ethical framework
Perspective thinking - stepping into the mindset and “heartset” of the other cultural person in viewing the same event
Social justice action - create a more inclusive and equitable world for all disenfranchised groups to have equal access and opportunities to utilize all the societal resources available to them
Moral inclusion - an inclusive moral stance that promotes social justice and others’ well-being based on humanity and on an equal basis regardless of sociocultural membership differences
Moral exclusion - when individuals or groups are perceived as outside the boundary where moral values, rules, and considerations of fairness apply
Dynamic flexibility - expanding our adventurous spirit and risk- taking abilities and moving forward to communicate respectfully, connectively, and ethically with culturally unique others.
Colonial ethnocentrism - the rights and privileges of countries or groups who are in a dominant power position and these groups can impose their ethical standards on other non-dominant countries or groups due to their privileged position and resource control power