Psych 3082 Final

ADHD symptoms

Predominantly inattentive presentation (can't pay attention, easily distracted, forgetfulness, disorganized, frequently misplacement of items, difficulty competing tasks, careless mistakes)

Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation (difficulty staying seated, fidgety, making excessive noises, excessive talking, excessive interruptions)

ADHD criteria

A sufficient number of symptoms (6 of them of either inattentive or hyperactive and if you have both its combined) must be present in childhood (by the age of 12) to be diagnosed

Learning Disorders

When one's performance is substantially lower than their expected levels based on age and demonstrated capacity (intelligence) with problems persisting for six or more months despite targeted intervention

Mild intellectual disabilities

Includes a person with an IQ score between 50-55 and 70-75

Moderate intellectual disabilities

Includes a person in the iq range of 35-40 to 50-55

Severe intellectual disabilities

Includes a person with IQs ranging from 20-25 to 35-40

Profound intellectual disabilities

Includes a person with IQ scores below 20-25

Selective/elective mutism

Rare childhood disorder characterized by a lack of speech that must occur for more than one month and cannot be limited to the first month of school

Autism symptoms

Failure and lack of age appropriate social relationships, trouble with nonverbal communication and verbal communication, potential lack of appropriate expressions and tone, trouble with eye contact, trouble with social reciprocity (empathy), interests are very specialized and specific, stereotyped/stimming behaviors (spinning, waving hands, banging head, etc.), a noticeable regression of the child’s development

Aspergers symptoms

High functioning autism where the person is verbal with average intelligence but may still have trouble noticing social cues, still need some support, and still have specific interests

Autism and Asperger’s treatment

The gold standard of treatment is ABA (applied behavioral analysis) which is highly individualized depending on the persons strengths and deficits that is very long term and time intensive (30-32 hours per week) to shape behavior, speech, eye contact, etc. And build skills or teach strategies (like offering candy if they maintain eye contact)

Mental retardation diagnostic criteria

Symptoms: significantly below average intellectual AND adaptive functioning that is first evident in childhood

Intellectual disability cutoffs

IQ above 70-75, low IQ with adaptive functioning skills, or symptoms after childhood

Schizophrenia

A pervasive, chronic, permeating type of psychosis characterized by disturbed thought, emotion, or behaviors.

Signs/symptoms of schizophrenia

Psychosis, delusions, hallucinations

Major criteria for schizophrenia

There must be two symptoms (positive, negative, or disorganized) present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period and they must affect one or more areas of a person's function (work, self-care, education) for at least 6 months

Schizophreniform disorder

Schizophreniform disorder is the psychotic symptoms lasting between 1 to 6 months (since 6 months is when its schizophrenia) that eventually wax and wane until they're gone

Brief psychotic disorder

Brief psychotic disorder (lasts less than a month) can happen from severe reactions and is characterized by positive symptoms (hallucinations and or delusions) or disorganized symptoms due to stress or lack of sleep (3 or 4 days)

The role of genetics, mono and dizygotic twins, as well as offspring of parents in schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders

4\.8% of monozygotic twins have schizophrenia and children with parents that have schizophrenia is about 4.6%

Delusional disorder and how it differs from schizophrenia

Delusional disorder is delusions (only and no other symptoms of schizophrenia) that are contrary to reality with a better prognosis than schizophrenia

Delusions

Strongly held beliefs that are out of touch with reality despite lack of evidence or evidence to the contrary

Hallucinations

Sensory experience without a sensory input

types of delusions

Persecutory (being followed), grandiose (more important than they are), paranoid (everyone is teaming up against me)

Positive symptoms

Add a behavior

Types of positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions and hallucinations

Negative symptoms

Lack of a behavior

Types of negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Avolition/lack of motivation (inability to initiate and persist in activity), Alogia/absence of speech, Affective flattening/not showing emotions when emotions would normally be expected, Anhedonia/the presumed lack of pleasure, Associality/the lack of interest in social interactions

Types of disorganized symptoms

Erratic speech and emotion, Inappropriate affect (like laughing in sad situations), and disorganized behaviors

Speech patterns in schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

erratic, disorganized speech

Paranoid personality disorder

Not a break from reality but there is a pervasive, enduring perspective on the world of unjustified mistrust and suspicion causing a difficulty to create meaningful relationships with the belief people are deceiving, dangerous, and out to get them.

Schizoid personality disorder

An emotional detachment from social relationships with others that is observable in what looks like mild, negative symptoms of schizophrenia (like the lack of expression) but have no other behavioral correlates.

Schizotypal personality disorder

The person’s behaviors or beliefs are odd, unusual, and on the tip of being out of reality because they have magical thinking, are very superstitious, and can have ideas of reference (belief a random action in an interview from a celebrity is about them)

Antisocial personality disorder

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others while following rules and norms only when suitable for them and to their advantage

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking (like Cam from modern family)

Borderline personality disorder

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, affects, and control over impulses

Narcissistic personality disorder

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Avoidant personality disorder

Pervasive pattern to social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negativity while desiring relationships despite avoiding most relationships unless certain of being liked or accepted 

Dependent personality disorder

Pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of leading to clingy and submissive behaviors and fears of separation

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Fixation on doing something in a meticulous, rigid way because of their perceived right way causing them to be highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow  

The major criteria of personality disorders

When a person has inflexible, maladaptive characteristics can cause distress or impairment

Origins and onset of personality disorders

Begin in childhood and manifest themselves by early adulthood, will run a chronic course if untreated and may transition into a different personality disorder

Childhood precursors to antisocial P.D.

Purposeful, intentional harm or violence to animals and other people is common in people with antisocial pd (like starting fires, locking animals without food, or crimes) with no remorse

Types A, B, C and the personality disorders

Type A (odd/eccentric), Type B (dramatic/erratic/emotional), Type C (anxious/fearful)

Effective treatment of personality disorders and comorbid disorders

Not many go for treatment (don’t see an issue, wouldn’t trust a therapist, wouldn’t take it serious). Newer antipsychotics can help the symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder

Gender bias in diagnosis of personality disorders

Antisocial PD: Men more often show traits like aggression and detachment, but women often more often show submission and insecurity

Histrionic PD: equal numbers of male and female but is over diagnosed in females

Civil (involuntary) commitment

A legal, involuntary psychiatric hospitalization

Duty to warn

It is REQUIRED to break confidentiality and warn potential harm to the police and the intended victim (if there is no intended victim then they must tell the police )

Threats must be specific  

Procedures if one is an immediate danger to self or other(s)

Warn the person they are threatening to harm (if they want to harm others) AND warn the police

Not guilty by reason of insanity

When someone is found or accused of committing a crime, the person must able to understand AND assist in their own defense so the person must be detained in a mental health facility until they become fit to stand trial through treatment, medication, etc.

If found not guilty by reason of insanity they are released from psychiatric institutions after treatment and do go to jail after because they were found not guilty