infectious diseases (better version)

microscope was developed by:

Leeuwenhock

Penicillin was discovered by:

Fleming

the first vaccine was developed by:

Jenner

Shigella was discovered by:

Kiyoshi Shiga

Serum therapy for tetanus was discovered by:

Kitasato

Noguchi Hideyo discovered:

yellow fever and syphilis

disinfection before and after surgery was promoted by:

Lister

arrange the following from smallest to largest: mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, coccus, virus, fungi, bacillus.

virus, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, coccus, bacillus, fungi

flagella supports ( ) of the bacteria.

movement

the capsule of a bacterium has ( ), which means it is toxic to the human body

virulence

pili are ( ) - like structures on the cell wall of the bacteria

hair

5 clinically important spore-forming bacteria:

bacillus anthracis

bacillus cereus

clostridium tetani

clostridium botulinum

clostridium difficile

gram stain order

crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin

outline the phases of bacteria growth

lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase

if bacteria grow only at the top of the test tube, the bacteria species is a…

obligate aerobe

if bacteria grow only at the base of the test tube, the bacteria species is a…

obligate anaerobe

if bacteria are present in both the top and bottom of the test tube, the bacteria species is a…

facultative anaerobe

flu virus is transmitted by….

droplet

HBV is transmitted by…

blood

chickenpox is transmitted by…

aerosols

measles is transmitted by…

aerosols

rubella is transmitted by…

droplet

5causes of opportunistic infections

genetic, chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, bone marrow disease, pregnancy

outline the process of infection

entry, invasion, multiplication, damage, progression, resolution

3 important airborne diseases

tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles

4 important bloodborne diseases

HIV, HBV, HPV, HTLV-1

5 important fecal-oral diseases

norovirus, HAV, rotavirus, cholera, salmonella

trans-placental diseases

syphilis, toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus, rubella, parvovirus

3 important birth canal-transmitted diseases

HBV, HIV, streptococcus agalactiae

2 important diseases transmitted by breastmilk

HIV, HTLV-1

if a gram-positive coccus is catalase positive, it is….

staphylococcus

if a gram-positive coccus is catalase negative, it is either ( ) or ( )

enterococcus, streptococcus

major risk factor of aspergillus species infections

neutropenia

if a staphylococcus is coagulase positive, it is….

staphylococcus aureus

a ( ) test can identify alpha-hemolytic enterococcus

optohin

a ( ) test can identify beta-hemolytic enterococcus

bacitracin

a ( ) test can identify gamma-hemolytic enterococcus

cAMP

2 important alpha-hemolytic enterococcus

streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans streptococci

2 important beta-hemolytic enterococcus

Streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep), Streptococcus agalactiae (group b strep)

2 important gamma-hemolytic enterococcus

enterococcus faecalis (group d strep), enterococcus faecium

CNS (coagulase negative staphylococcus) has ( ) virulence

low

staphylococcus is ( ) hemolytic

beta

staphylococcus aureus releases ( ) which causes food poisoning

enterotoxin

staphylococcus aureus can be either ( ) resistant or sensitive, and classified as MRSA and MSSA.

methicilin

E.coli can ferment ( )

lactose

endotoxin is specific to gram ( ) bacteria, and has ( ) virulence.

negative, low

exotoxin is specific to gram ( ) bacteria, and has ( ) virulence

positive, high

endotoxin causes ( ) symtpoms

general

exotoxin causes ( ) symtpoms

specific

TB can live inside ( ) after phagocytosis.

macrophages

mycobacteria are classified as…

acid-fast bacilli

3 atypical bacteria?

mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella

3 similarities of all atypical bacteria

can’t identify using gram stain

causes atypical pneumonia

all parasitic

mycoplasma pneumoniae causes

pneumonia

mycoplasma hominis causes

urogenital infection

mycoplasma genitalium causes

urogenital infections and STI

chlamydia trachomatis causes

STI

chlamydia pneumoniae causes

pneumonia

chlamydia psitacci is inhaled from

bird poop

legionella causes

pneumonia

2 methods to test sensitivity of a drug in a bacteria culture

disk and dilution

3 ranks of sensitivity of a drug

S (suseptible), I (intermediate), R (resistant)

3 pathogens of typical pneumonia (with gram stain findings and capsule)

streptococcus pneumoniae (gram positive streptococcus with capsule)

haemophilus influenzae (gram negative coccus with capsule)

moraxella catarrhalis (gram negative coccus without capsule)

the lipopolysaccharide capsule can be toxic to those with no or dysfunctional ( )

spleen

what drug is used to treat typical pneumonia?

ceftriaxone

the most virulent viruses are ( ).

non-enveloped

the only ssDNA virus is…

parvovirus

the only dsRNA virus is…

reovirus

gram stain findings of gonorrhea

gram negative coccus

gonorrhea causes…

urethritis and abnormal genital discharge

structure of treponema pallidum?

spirochete

triponema pallidum cases…

syphilis (genital ulcers)

effect of HPV on the genitals

genital warts

retroviruses can be differentiated into…

oncoviridae and entiviridae

most important oncoviridae

HTLV-1

most important entiviridae

HIV

5 clinical signs of immunocompromised HIV infections. (AIDS-defining illnesses)

oral candidiasis, candida esophagitis, herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus retinitis, toxoplasmic encephalitis

3 pathogens for bacterial meningitis (with gram stain findings and capsule)

streptococcus pneumoniae (gram-positive streptococcus with capsule), haemophilus influenzae (gram-negative coccus with capsule), neisseria meningitis (gram-negative coccus with capsule)

2 meningial signs

kernig and bruzinski

3 analyses (tests) for meningitis

blood culture

cerebrospinal fluid test

cerebrospinal fluid culture

3 important gram-negative pathogens for blood stream infections

E. coli, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella pneumoniae

what types of gram-positive cocci can cause blood stream infections?

staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, enterococci

infective endocarditis can cause ( ) in the heart, and is often caused by ( ).

vegetation, viridans streptococcus

prostatitis is often caused by ( )

enterococcus

pneumonia is the infection of the ( )

alveoli

pneumonitis is the infection of the ( )

interstitial tissue

3 pathogens causing neonatal meningitis

E. coli, streptococcus agalactiae, listeria monocytogenes

3 pathogens causing infant/toddler meningitis (\~5yo)

streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza type B, neisseria meningitidis

2 pathogens causing child/adolescent/adult meningitis (6\~50 yo)

streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis

3 pathogens causing geriatric meningitis

streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, listeria monocytogenes

most important pathogen of viral meningitis

herpes

most important pathogen of fungal meningitis

cryptococcus neoformans

HAV and HEV cause ( ) hepatitis and transmitted by ( )

acute, fecal-oral

HBV and HCV cause ( ) hepatitis and transmitted by ( )

chronic, blood

what two hepatitis viruses cause cancer?

HBV and HCV

yellow fever can cause ( ), and patients often present with jaundice.

hepatitis

malaria is caused by a parasite called…

plasmodium

which species of plasmodium causes the most severe form of malaria?

P. falciparum

a characteristic symptom of malaria is ( ) stages.

hot and cold

dengue is caused by a ( ) carried by mosquitoes

virus