Studied by 3 people
microscope was developed by:
Leeuwenhock
Penicillin was discovered by:
Fleming
the first vaccine was developed by:
Jenner
Shigella was discovered by:
Kiyoshi Shiga
Serum therapy for tetanus was discovered by:
Kitasato
Noguchi Hideyo discovered:
yellow fever and syphilis
disinfection before and after surgery was promoted by:
Lister
arrange the following from smallest to largest: mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, coccus, virus, fungi, bacillus.
virus, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, coccus, bacillus, fungi
flagella supports ( ) of the bacteria.
movement
the capsule of a bacterium has ( ), which means it is toxic to the human body
virulence
pili are ( ) - like structures on the cell wall of the bacteria
hair
5 clinically important spore-forming bacteria:
bacillus anthracis
bacillus cereus
clostridium tetani
clostridium botulinum
clostridium difficile
gram stain order
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin
outline the phases of bacteria growth
lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase
if bacteria grow only at the top of the test tube, the bacteria species is a…
obligate aerobe
if bacteria grow only at the base of the test tube, the bacteria species is a…
obligate anaerobe
if bacteria are present in both the top and bottom of the test tube, the bacteria species is a…
facultative anaerobe
flu virus is transmitted by….
droplet
HBV is transmitted by…
blood
chickenpox is transmitted by…
aerosols
measles is transmitted by…
aerosols
rubella is transmitted by…
droplet
5causes of opportunistic infections
genetic, chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, bone marrow disease, pregnancy
outline the process of infection
entry, invasion, multiplication, damage, progression, resolution
3 important airborne diseases
tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles
4 important bloodborne diseases
HIV, HBV, HPV, HTLV-1
5 important fecal-oral diseases
norovirus, HAV, rotavirus, cholera, salmonella
trans-placental diseases
syphilis, toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus, rubella, parvovirus
3 important birth canal-transmitted diseases
HBV, HIV, streptococcus agalactiae
2 important diseases transmitted by breastmilk
HIV, HTLV-1
if a gram-positive coccus is catalase positive, it is….
staphylococcus
if a gram-positive coccus is catalase negative, it is either ( ) or ( )
enterococcus, streptococcus
major risk factor of aspergillus species infections
neutropenia
if a staphylococcus is coagulase positive, it is….
staphylococcus aureus
a ( ) test can identify alpha-hemolytic enterococcus
optohin
a ( ) test can identify beta-hemolytic enterococcus
bacitracin
a ( ) test can identify gamma-hemolytic enterococcus
cAMP
2 important alpha-hemolytic enterococcus
streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans streptococci
2 important beta-hemolytic enterococcus
Streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep), Streptococcus agalactiae (group b strep)
2 important gamma-hemolytic enterococcus
enterococcus faecalis (group d strep), enterococcus faecium
CNS (coagulase negative staphylococcus) has ( ) virulence
low
staphylococcus is ( ) hemolytic
beta
staphylococcus aureus releases ( ) which causes food poisoning
enterotoxin
staphylococcus aureus can be either ( ) resistant or sensitive, and classified as MRSA and MSSA.
methicilin
E.coli can ferment ( )
lactose
endotoxin is specific to gram ( ) bacteria, and has ( ) virulence.
negative, low
exotoxin is specific to gram ( ) bacteria, and has ( ) virulence
positive, high
endotoxin causes ( ) symtpoms
general
exotoxin causes ( ) symtpoms
specific
TB can live inside ( ) after phagocytosis.
macrophages
mycobacteria are classified as…
acid-fast bacilli
3 atypical bacteria?
mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella
3 similarities of all atypical bacteria
can’t identify using gram stain
causes atypical pneumonia
all parasitic
mycoplasma pneumoniae causes
pneumonia
mycoplasma hominis causes
urogenital infection
mycoplasma genitalium causes
urogenital infections and STI
chlamydia trachomatis causes
STI
chlamydia pneumoniae causes
pneumonia
chlamydia psitacci is inhaled from
bird poop
legionella causes
pneumonia
2 methods to test sensitivity of a drug in a bacteria culture
disk and dilution
3 ranks of sensitivity of a drug
S (suseptible), I (intermediate), R (resistant)
3 pathogens of typical pneumonia (with gram stain findings and capsule)
streptococcus pneumoniae (gram positive streptococcus with capsule)
haemophilus influenzae (gram negative coccus with capsule)
moraxella catarrhalis (gram negative coccus without capsule)
the lipopolysaccharide capsule can be toxic to those with no or dysfunctional ( )
spleen
what drug is used to treat typical pneumonia?
ceftriaxone
the most virulent viruses are ( ).
non-enveloped
the only ssDNA virus is…
parvovirus
the only dsRNA virus is…
reovirus
gram stain findings of gonorrhea
gram negative coccus
gonorrhea causes…
urethritis and abnormal genital discharge
structure of treponema pallidum?
spirochete
triponema pallidum cases…
syphilis (genital ulcers)
effect of HPV on the genitals
genital warts
retroviruses can be differentiated into…
oncoviridae and entiviridae
most important oncoviridae
HTLV-1
most important entiviridae
HIV
5 clinical signs of immunocompromised HIV infections. (AIDS-defining illnesses)
oral candidiasis, candida esophagitis, herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus retinitis, toxoplasmic encephalitis
3 pathogens for bacterial meningitis (with gram stain findings and capsule)
streptococcus pneumoniae (gram-positive streptococcus with capsule), haemophilus influenzae (gram-negative coccus with capsule), neisseria meningitis (gram-negative coccus with capsule)
2 meningial signs
kernig and bruzinski
3 analyses (tests) for meningitis
blood culture
cerebrospinal fluid test
cerebrospinal fluid culture
3 important gram-negative pathogens for blood stream infections
E. coli, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella pneumoniae
what types of gram-positive cocci can cause blood stream infections?
staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, enterococci
infective endocarditis can cause ( ) in the heart, and is often caused by ( ).
vegetation, viridans streptococcus
prostatitis is often caused by ( )
enterococcus
pneumonia is the infection of the ( )
alveoli
pneumonitis is the infection of the ( )
interstitial tissue
3 pathogens causing neonatal meningitis
E. coli, streptococcus agalactiae, listeria monocytogenes
3 pathogens causing infant/toddler meningitis (~5yo)
streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza type B, neisseria meningitidis
2 pathogens causing child/adolescent/adult meningitis (6~50 yo)
streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis
3 pathogens causing geriatric meningitis
streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, listeria monocytogenes
most important pathogen of viral meningitis
herpes
most important pathogen of fungal meningitis
cryptococcus neoformans
HAV and HEV cause ( ) hepatitis and transmitted by ( )
acute, fecal-oral
HBV and HCV cause ( ) hepatitis and transmitted by ( )
chronic, blood
what two hepatitis viruses cause cancer?
HBV and HCV
yellow fever can cause ( ), and patients often present with jaundice.
hepatitis
malaria is caused by a parasite called…
plasmodium
which species of plasmodium causes the most severe form of malaria?
P. falciparum
a characteristic symptom of malaria is ( ) stages.
hot and cold
dengue is caused by a ( ) carried by mosquitoes
virus
Note 
Flashcard (55)