Ch 23 Crimean War, Italian and German Unification, Domestic policies ALL FLASHCARDS

Concert System

A system of international relations in Europe aimed at maintaining the balance of power and preventing aggression by any one country.

Crimean War (1854-56)

A conflict primarily involving Russia against an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia, fought in the Crimean Peninsula and other regions.

The Light Brigade

A British military unit known for their famous charge during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War.

Lord Raglan

The commander in chief of the British forces during the Crimean War who misunderstood the movements of the Russians.

Lord Lucan

The general in direct command of the Light Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava.

Charge of the Light Brigade

The famous military charge made by the Light Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War.

Battle of Balaclava

A significant battle in the Crimean War where the Charge of the Light Brigade took place.

Lord Tennyson

The poet who immortalized the Charge of the Light Brigade in his poem.

Florence Nightingale

A nurse who worked during the Crimean War and helped make nursing an acceptable profession.

Alexander II

The Russian ruler who succeeded Nicholas I and sued for peace to end the Crimean War.

Peace of Paris 1856

The peace treaty that ended the Crimean War and established terms for various nations involved.

Italian Unification

The process of bringing together various states and regions in Italy to form a unified nation, which occurred in the 19th century.

Metternich

A prominent Austrian statesman who famously referred to Italy as a "geographic expression not a nation" and worked to maintain the status quo in Europe.

Sardinia-Piedmont

The leading Italian state in the movement for unification, under the rule of the House of Savoy.

Carbonari

A secret society in Italy known as "charcoal burners" that aimed for the liberation and unification of Italy through revolutionary means.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist who founded the organization Young Italy and advocated for a united and republican Italy through democratic revolution.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian general and nationalist who played a key role in the unification of Italy, known for his military leadership and support for a united Italy.

Camillo di Cavour

An Italian statesman and writer who supported the unification of Italy under the leadership of the House of Savoy, known for his political strategies and modernization efforts.

Realpolitik

A political approach that prioritizes practical and realistic outcomes over ideological or moral considerations, often associated with statesmanlike pragmatism.

Prussia

Refused to deal with Napoleon III due to public opinion favoring Austria and memories of the first Napoleon in Germany.

Cavour

Provoked war with Austria by mobilizing the army along the border and conceded to a congress under pressure from major states.

Battle of Magenta

Fought on June 4, 1859, where the French won due to effective use of Sardinian rail for troop transfer.

Battle of Solferino

Fought on June 24, 1859, where French and Piedmontese soldiers took the city largely due to superior artillery.

Henri Dunant

Set up the International Red Cross after being appalled by the slaughter at the Battle of Solferino.

Treaty of Villafranca

Signed on July 11, 1859, where Napoleon III made a separate peace with Austria due to various concerns.

Plebiscite

Universal manhood suffrage held on March 1, 1860, to determine the annexation of Italy.

Garibaldi

Single-minded Italian patriot who led the Red Shirts and played a crucial role in the unification of Italy.

Victor Emmanuel II

Joined forces with Garibaldi and agreed to the Piedmontese annexation of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.

Unification of Italy

Declared on March 17, 1861, with the capital initially at Turin and later moved to Florence.

Franco-Prussian War

A conflict that took place in 1870 between France and Prussia, leading to the defeat of France, the capture of the French emperor, and the formation of a republic.

Rome

The capital city of Italy, which was annexed by Italy on September 20, 1870, following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War.

Trentino

A region in northern Italy that was desired by Italy for annexation during the Franco-Prussian War.

Ticino

A region in Switzerland that Italy sought to acquire during the Franco-Prussian War.

Italia irredenta

The concept of "unredeemed Italy," referring to territories like Trentino, Trieste, Dalmatian coast, and southern cantons of Switzerland that Italians believed should be part of Italy.

Superpatriots

Individuals in Italy who advocated for the acquisition of more territories for Italy, including Trentino, Trieste, Dalmatian coast, and southern cantons of Switzerland.

German Unification

The process of uniting various German states into a single nation, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.

Frankfurt Assembly

A national assembly convened in 1848 in Frankfurt, Germany, with the aim of creating a unified German state.

Kleindeutschland

Refers to the concept of a "small Germany" that excludes Austria, focusing on the unification of German states under Prussian leadership.

Grossdeutschland

Refers to the concept of a "large Germany" that includes Austria, aiming for the unification of all German-speaking regions.

Zollverein

The German Customs Union established in 1819 to promote economic unity among German states by eliminating internal tariffs and barriers to trade.

Prussia

A powerful German state that played a key role in the unification of Germany under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck.

Frederick William IV

The King of Prussia who initially rejected the offer of a crown from the Frankfurt Assembly during the German unification process.

Otto von Bismarck

A Prussian statesman who served as the Chancellor of Germany and played a crucial role in the unification of Germany through his policy of Realpolitik.

Realpolitik

A pragmatic approach to politics that focuses on practical outcomes and the use of any means necessary to achieve political goals, often associated with Otto von Bismarck.

Hohenzollerns

The ruling dynasty of Prussia that played a significant role in the unification of Germany under the leadership of Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck.

Holstein-Schleswig Issue

A complex territorial dispute in the mid-19th century involving the duchies of Holstein and Schleswig, which were claimed by both Denmark and the German Confederation.

Prince Albert

Mentioned by Palmerston as one of the three people who understood the Holstein-Schleswig issue.

Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck, a prominent Prussian statesman who played a key role in the unification of Germany through his diplomatic and military policies.

Austro-Prussian Ultimatum

A demand issued by Austria and Prussia to Denmark regarding the Holstein-Schleswig issue, leading to war in 1864.

German Confederation

A loose association of German states led by Austria, which was challenged by Prussia under Bismarck's leadership.

Convention of Gastein

An agreement in 1864 where Austria and Prussia divided the administration of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.

Austro-Prussian War

A conflict in 1866 between Austria and Prussia, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory and significant territorial changes.

Dreyse "Needle Gun"

A technologically advanced firearm used by the Prussian army in the 19th century, giving them an advantage in battles like Koniggratz.

Peace of Prague

A treaty in 1866 that ended the Austro-Prussian War and led to the exclusion of Austria from the northern German confederation.

Ems Dispatch

A diplomatic incident in 1870 where Bismarck manipulated a telegram to provoke France, leading to the Franco-Prussian War.

Chassepot rifle

A French rifle introduced in 1866, known for its longer range and smaller caliber compared to the Needle Gun.

Montigny Mitrailleuse

An early machine gun that loaded cartridges simultaneously, but proved ineffective as the French did not practice with it.

Sedan

The site of a significant battle on September 1, 1870, where the French suffered a major defeat leading to the capture of Napoleon III and the eventual siege of Paris.

Moltke

A key figure in the German military who orchestrated strategic moves leading to the encirclement and defeat of the French army at Sedan.

Bazaine

French General Achille Bazaine, who failed to launch a counteroffensive and eventually had his army bottled up at Metz by the Germans.

MacMahon

Marshall Marie MacMahon, whose retreat towards Paris was followed by the German third army, leading to the Battle of Sedan.

Wimpffen

A French commander who countermanded an order to withdraw at Sedan, leading to the envelopment of the French army by the Germans.

Mitrailleuse

A type of weapon that was used to quickly take out enemy artillery, horses, and soften resistance during battles.

Prussia

The dominant German state during the Franco-Prussian War, which played a significant role in the defeat of the French forces.

Sedan

A key battle during the Franco-Prussian War where the French suffered a decisive defeat, leading to the capture of Napoleon III and the siege of Paris.

Sedan

A town in France where a significant battle took place on September 1, 1870, leading to the capture of Napoleon III and a decisive victory for the Prussian forces.

Marshal MacMahon

A French military leader who commanded forces during the Battle of Sedan in 1870, ultimately facing defeat and surrender.

Helmuth von Moltke

A Prussian military leader who played a key role in the Battle of Sedan, leading to the defeat of the French forces.

Battle of Sedan

A major battle during the Franco-Prussian War on September 1, 1870, resulting in the capture of Napoleon III and a significant victory for the Prussian forces.

Franco-Prussian War

A conflict between France and Prussia from 1870 to 1871, culminating in the capture of Napoleon III and the establishment of the German Empire.

Alsace-Lorraine

Territories that were ceded to Germany by France as part of the peace settlement after the Franco-Prussian War, leading to lasting animosity between the two nations.

Otto von Bismarck

The Chancellor of the German Empire who orchestrated the unification of Germany and played a key role in the events leading up to the Franco-Prussian War.

Treaty of Frankfurt

The peace treaty signed on May 10, 1871, ending the Franco-Prussian War and imposing harsh terms on France, including significant reparations and territorial concessions.

Wilhelm I

The King of Prussia who was crowned the first German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles in January 1871, marking the establishment of the German Empire.

Reichstag

The lower house of the assembly in Germany elected by universal male suffrage, with a combination of liberal and conservative features, where Bismarck won over the liberals.

Bundesrat

The upper house in Germany whose members were appointed by the princely rulers of the German states, serving as a conservative body that could block bills from the Reichstag.

Kulturkampf

Also known as the "struggle of civilizations," Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church in the 1870s to promote loyalty to the German nation.

May Laws of 1873

Laws applied in Prussia placing the education of the clergy under state supervision and giving the state veto power over clerical appointments.

Social Democrats

Political group in late 19th-century Germany concerned with the distribution of wealth and welfare of workers, challenging the traditional liberal and conservative agendas.

Second International

An organization founded in 1889 by various socialist leaders, declaring May 1 as a day of strike, marches, and demonstrations.

German Social Democratic Party

Established in 1875, advocating for revolution and reform, banned in 1878 but resurfaced in 1890, becoming a model for successful socialist organization.

Collective Bargaining

A method used by labor unions for negotiation with employers to improve working conditions and wages, reinforcing moderation and gradual change.

Chartist Movement

Working class leaders in 1838 drew up the People's Charter with demands including universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, and equal electoral districts.

Benjamin Disraeli

Prime Minister of England in 1868 and 1874-1880, who turned to universal male suffrage to counter the liberal party.

Second Reform Bill

Passed in 1867, extended the right to vote to most of Britain's working class and redistributed some seats.

Gladstone's "Great Ministry"

Enacted reforms like competitive civil service exams, education support, workers' rights, and the Ballot Act of 1872.

Disraeli's Reforms

As Prime Minister (1874-1880), he improved workers' conditions through legislation like the Factory Act and Public Health Act.

Labour Party

Formed in 1900 by unions and the Fabian Society, advocating gradual socialism and eventually replacing the Liberals as a major party.

Parliament Act of 1911

Limited the House of Lords' power, ensuring passage of money bills and weakening the Lords' ability to block legislation.

Louis Napoleon

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected as President of France in 1848, later declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852.

Universal Male Suffrage

Voting rights granted to all adult males regardless of property ownership or social status.

Falloux Law

Enacted in 1850 in France, allowed Catholics to run secondary schools, leading to conflict with Republicans.

Georges Haussmann

Prefect of the Seine department in France, known for his urban planning that transformed Paris under Napoleon III.

Crimean War

Conflict from 1853 to 1856 involving Russia against an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.

Franco-Prussian War

War between France and Prussia from 1870 to 1871, leading to the capture of Napoleon III and the establishment of the Third Republic.

Paris Commune

Radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from March to May 1871, crushed by Adolphe Thiers.

Adolphe Thiers

Leader of the National Assembly in France, played a key role in the establishment of the Third Republic.

Dreyfus Affair

Scandal in France from 1894 to 1906 involving the false accusation of treason against Captain Alfred Dreyfus, highlighting anti-Semitism and political divisions.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries involving the wrongful conviction of Jewish army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which divided French society.

Anti-clerical Legislation

Laws enacted to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church in state affairs, such as the abrogation of Napoleon's Concordat in 1905 in France.