Nutrition midterm 2

Protein Deficiency

A condition where there is a lack of adequate protein in the diet, rare in Canada.

Sources of Dietary Protein

Common sources include milk, milk products, meat, and plant-based proteins.

Protein Deficiency

A condition where there is a lack of adequate protein in the diet, rare in Canada.

Sources of Dietary Protein

Common sources include milk, milk products, meat, and plant-based proteins.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be included in the diet.

Nonessential Amino Acids

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body.

Transamination

The process by which a nonessential amino acid is synthesized in the body.

Peptide Bonds

Chemical bonds that link amino acids together in proteins.

Dipeptide

A molecule formed by the linkage of two amino acids.

Polypeptide

A chain composed of multiple amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Protein Structure

The three-dimensional shape of a protein determined by its amino acid sequence.

Protein Digestion

The process that breaks down proteins into amino acids in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

Food Allergies

Triggered when undigested proteins are absorbed into the body, causing an immune response.

Amino Acid Pool

The total amino acids in the body's tissues and fluids available for use.

Protein Turnover

The continuous process of protein synthesis and degradation in the body.

Urea

A waste product formed from the breakdown of amino acids, excreted in urine.

Deamination

The removal of an amino group from an amino acid.

Protein Functions

Roles include enzymes, transport proteins, antibodies, contractile proteins, and hormones.

Kwashiorkor

A condition resulting from pure protein deficiency.

Marasmus

A condition due to energy deficiency, often associated with protein deficiency.

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

An inherited disorder where the body cannot metabolize phenylalanine.

Complete Protein

A protein that provides all essential amino acids in sufficient quantities.

Incomplete Protein

A protein lacking one or more essential amino acids.

Fortification

The process of adding nutrients to foods not typically found in them.

Enrichment

Adding nutrients back into foods that have lost them during processing.

Bioavailability of Vitamins

The extent to which vitamins are absorbed and utilized by the body.

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

A B vitamin essential for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

A vitamin important in energy production and absorption of other vitamins.

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Plays a role in energy production and metabolism, deficiency leads to pellagra.

Folate

A B vitamin important for DNA synthesis and preventing neural tube defects.

Vitamin B12

Crucial for the absorption of iron, deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia.

Vitamin C

An antioxidant important for immune function, collagen production, and iron absorption.

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K that require dietary fat for absorption.

Vitamin A

Essential for vision and found in both animal products and plant precursors.

Vitamin D

Produced in the skin from sunlight, important for calcium absorption and bone health.

Vitamin E

An antioxidant necessary for protection against oxidative damage.

Vitamin K

Essential for blood clotting, synthesized in the body, found in green vegetables.

Hypertrophy

An increase in muscle size and strength due to exercise overload.

Atrophy

A decrease in muscle size and strength resulting from lack of use.

Aerobic Metabolism

The process of producing energy with oxygen, utilizing glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Anaerobic Metabolism

Energy production in the absence of oxygen, primarily through glucose breakdown.

Nutritional Requirements for Athletes

Athletes need specific ratios of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for optimal performance.