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What is DNA made up of?
Nucleotides
What are nucleotides made up of?
Five-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
The name of the pentagon-shaped sugar in DNA
What is sugar linked to?
The phosphate group and nitrogenous base in a nucleotide.
What are the four nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Which two nitrogenous bases were purine?
Adenine and guanine.
Which two nitrogenous bases were pyrimidine?
Cytosine and thymine.
How are nucleotides linked together?
They are linked together through phosphate bonds between the sugars and the phosphates
Sugar-phosphate backbone
The sugar-phosphate backbone is the structural framework of a DNA or RNA strand, consisting of alternating sugar and phosphate groups. It provides stability and support to the nucleic acid structure.
Double helix
Each DNA molecule consists of two strands that wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
The structure of DNA was brilliantly deduced in 1953 by three scientists: Watson, Crick, and Franklin.
What is complementary base pairing?
Adenine pairs up with thymine (A–T ) by forming two hydrogen bonds.
Cytosine pairs up with guanine (G–C ) by forming three hydrogen bonds
Chargaff Rule
The rule that in DNA there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C
A = T and G = C
How is directionality determined in DNA?
The 5′ end has a phosphate group, and the 3′ end has an OH, or “hydroxyl,” group. The 5′ end of one strand is always opposite to the 3′ end of the other strand. The strands are therefore said to be antiparallel.
How are DNA strands linked?
They are linked together through hydrogen bonds
