APHUG unit 5

Mediterranean climate

Climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters

tropical climate

Climate with consistently high temperatures and precipitation

intensive agriculture

Agricultural production using high inputs of labor or capital on small land areas

market gardening

Small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers for local markets

plantation agriculture

Large-scale farming in tropical regions growing cash crops for export

mixed crop/livestock system

Farming system that raises both crops and animals

extensive agriculture

Agricultural production using low inputs over large areas of land

shifting cultivation

Farming system where land is cleared and used temporarily, then abandoned

nomadic herding

Seasonal movement of livestock between pastures

ranching

Commercial grazing of livestock over large areas

rural settlement pattern

Spatial arrangement of homes and buildings in rural areas

clustered settlement pattern

Houses grouped closely together

dispersed settlement pattern

Houses spread out over a large area

linear settlement pattern

Houses arranged in a line along a road or river

rural survey method

System used to divide and organize land

metes and bounds

Land division using natural features and landmarks

township and range

Grid-based land division system using squares

long lot

Long, narrow land plots perpendicular to a river

domestication

Process of adapting plants and animals for human use

Fertile Crescent

Early agricultural hearth in Southwest Asia

Indus River Valley

Early agricultural hearth in South Asia

Southeast Asia

Agricultural hearth known for early rice cultivation

Central America

Agricultural hearth known for crops like maize

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia

First Agricultural Revolution

Transition from hunting and gathering to farming

Second Agricultural Revolution

Increase in agricultural productivity due to new technologies and practices in the 1700s

Green Revolution

Introduction of high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase food production

high-yield seed

Seeds genetically designed to produce more crops

mechanized farming

Use of machinery to perform agricultural tasks

subsistence agriculture

Farming where food is produced mainly for personal consumption

commercial agriculture

Farming intended for sale and profit

monocropping/monoculture

Growing a single crop repeatedly on the same land

bid-rent theory

Theory that land value decreases with distance from the market

commodity chain

Series of steps involved in producing and distributing a product

economies of scale

Cost advantages gained by producing goods in large quantities

Von Thunen's model

Model showing how agricultural activities are arranged in rings around a central market

global supply chain

Worldwide network of production, processing, and distribution

export commodity

Product grown primarily for sale in other countries

pollution

Introduction of harmful substances into the environment

land cover change

Alteration of land surface by human activities

desertification

Degradation of land into desert-like conditions

soil salinization

Accumulation of salt in soil reducing fertility

conservation

Protection and sustainable management of natural resources

slash and burn agriculture

Farming method involving cutting and burning vegetation

terrace farming

Farming on stepped hillsides to reduce erosion

irrigation

Artificial application of water to crops

deforestation

Removal of forests for human use

pastoral nomadism

Form of subsistence agriculture based on herding animals

biotechnology

Use of technology to modify living organisms for agriculture

genetically modified organisms

Organisms whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering

aquaculture

Farming of fish and other aquatic organisms

sustainability

Use of resources in a way that does not deplete them for future generations

biodiversity

Variety of plant and animal species in an area

fertilizer

Substance added to soil to increase productivity

pesticide

Chemical used to kill pests that damage crops

urban farming

Practice of growing food within cities

community-supported agriculture

System where consumers support farms directly, often by subscription

value-added specialty crops

Crops modified or processed to increase their market value

fair trade

Trade system ensuring producers receive fair prices

local-food movement

Movement promoting consumption of locally produced food

food insecurity

Lack of consistent access to sufficient food

food desert

Area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food