History- Unit 3

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Sectionalism

\-Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole \n -When a nation acts as two regions rather than one nation

The Missouri compromise

(1820) Maine = free state \n -Missouri = slave state \n -Future states = decided by the southern Missouri border \n -Louisiana Territory = split \n Half for slaveholders \n Half for free settlers \n -Dividing line 36 30 \n South = slavery is legal \n North = slavery (besides Missouri) is banned

Nullification crisis

Vice President John C. Calhoun called the 1816 Tariff the Tariff of Abominations.Calhoun's nullification theory - state has the right to ignore any law it believes are unconstitutional \n Calhoun resigned the Vice-Presidency.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which profit is controlled by owner

Entrepreneurs

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Inventions

The Cotton Gin, Steamboats, American Railroads, Ether Anesthesia, Erie Canal, Reaping Machine, Revolver, telegraph, and Sewing Machine

The middle passage

the journey from Africa to the Americas \n -African kings sold captives from neighboring tribes in exchange for manufactured goods, weapons, rum

Triangular trade

the journey from Africa to the Americas \n -African kings sold captives from neighboring tribes in exchange for manufactured goods, weapons, rum

\-Took up lots of time and money, many slave, and the middle passage was a part of this

Plantations

Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow cash crops

Cash Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Cotton Gin

Created by Eli Whitney \n -Expanded slavery in the south \n -Made American cotton profitable \n -Fueled northern textile factories in the Industrial age in the North

Nat Turners rebellion

Unsuccessful slave revolt led by Nat Turner in 1831 \n -Turner and 17 other slaves were then tried and hanged. \n -Violent

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

Manifest destiny

The belief that the United States was destined all the way to the Pacific and into the Mexican and Native American Territory

Push and pull factors

\n

Push Factors: \n -Action or event in homeland causes you to leave \n -Negative \n -Unemployment \n -Lack of services \n -Crop failure \n \n Pull Factors: \n -Opportunities are better outside of homeland \n -Positive \n -Potential jobs \n -Food security \n -Religious freedom \n -Wealth + opportunity

Oregan trail

A wagon-friendly trail blazed by two Methodist missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman in 1836 \n -It stretched from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon

Santa Fe Trail

One of the busiest routes west that went on for 780 miles from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico

California gold rush

\-Many residents started traveling to Sacramento Valley in hopes to find gold. \n -Many people began to have "gold fever", there were people from Asia, South America, and Europe in California. \n -Migration to California skyrocketed.-

Texas expansion

\-1844, the U.S. presidential election featured a debate on westward expansion. The man who would win the presidency, James K. Polk, a slaveholder, firmly favored annexation of Texas

War with Mexico

Polk urged war because of the instability of the Mexican government and the territorial aspirations he had. He believed that war with Mexico would bring Texas, New Mexico, and California. Polk eventually sent a Spanish emissary to Mexico to purchase California and New Mexico and approve the Rio Grande as the Texas border.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

1848: Mexico agrees that Rio Grande as the border of Texas \n -New Mexico and California became U.S. territories \n -California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, parts of Arizona/Colorado/Wyoming

Gadsden Purchase

1853: James Gadsden paid Mexico $10 million for land south of the Gila River \n -U.S. acquired land of lower 48 states

Transcontinental railroads

Union Pacific railroad companies. Created railroads westward into unceded land. Treated workers poorly.

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

Assimilation

The social process of forcibly changing one cultural to another \n \n -Tools to achieve assimilation: \n -Involuntary process of forcing religious or ethnic minorities to adopt language, identity, norms, traditions of a dominant culture \n -Boarding schools for Native american children - Carlisle Indian School \n -Killing their source of sustenance - buffalo \n -Missionaries to introduce christianity

Carlisle School

\-Believed Indians were uncivilized \n -Forced young students to eat, dress, and speak like a "white man" \n -Assimilation \n -Abusive when the children acted out \n -Purpose was to "take a savage-born infant and gain a civilized language and habit

Little Bighorn

\-The Sioux has a reservation in South Dakota \n -Gold was discovered within their reservation (Black Hills) and white settlers flocked to the area \n -Sioux chiefs appealed to the US gov, without success \n -Sioux warriors gather in anticipation of a fight (2,000) \n Lt. Custer & the 7th US Cavalry (200 men) launch an attack on Sioux \n \n -Every American soldier killed \n -US army pursues Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull \n -Beginning of the end of the Indian War

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

How did the expansion of capitalism and entrepreneurship change the American economy and society?

**It provided for new inventions and manufacturing in the American society and it regulated business** 

How did the South develop separately than the North? How were they simultaneously connected?

**The South depended a lot of slavery and had less land and the North was more dependent on factories and the abolishment of slavery, had more land.**

How and why did America expand West?

**Manifest Destiny was the main reason. Also people thought that the U.S. was superior. Also the creation of railroads expanded into the westward territories.** 

What actions did the nation take based on the idea of Manifest Destiny?  

**The nation decided to travel south due to their beliefs and take over more than just the north** 

How did expansion complicate the issue of slavery in American politics?

**In the west there began to be more slave states and americans were bringing slaves from the North to the South which was a problem because most wanted it abolished** 

Did the Transcontinental Railroad cause more progress or problems?

\n **It caused more problems because it killed millions of buffalo and forced native Americans out of their land. It also caused many workers' lives to be at risk and lots of deaths.** 

What role did nationalism play in American expansion?

**Nationalism played a really big role because many Americans believed that the U.S. was superior to everyone else. They also had the idea that God wanted them to take over control of the Native Americans and disregard that they had lived there first.** 

In what ways did the nation temporarily avoid conflict?  Effective?

**They avoided conflict by saying that people could choose to either ban or allow slavery in new states, but this was not effective because it eventually led to the civil war.** 

How and why did the treatment of Native Americans deteriorate over time?

**The settlers wanted more and more land from the Native Americans who didn’t want to give up this land. The Americans also wanted to change the Native Americans and turn them into a “white man.”**