Organic Chemistry Foundation and Molecular Representation

Alkyl Halide

contains a carbon chain with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)

Amine

carbon chain attached to a nitrogen without C=O nearby

Amide

a C=O attached directly to a nitrogen atom

Aromatic Ring

ring with alternating double bonds

Alkene

carbon chain with a C = C

Alcohol

carbon chain with OH attached

Carboxyl Acid

C=O attached to an OH

ether

Oxygen atom signle bonded between two carbon chains

Aldehyde

C=O attached to at least one H atom

Ketone

C=O sandwiched between two carbon chains

Ester

C=O attched to an oxygen bonded to another carbon chain

carbonyl

C=O

single bond

one sigma bond

double bond

one sigma and one pi bond

triple bond

one sigma and 2 pi bonds

Steric Number 2

sp hybridized

Steric Number 3

sp² hybridized

Steric Number 4

sp³ hybridized

carbocation

3 bonds 0 lone pairs

carbanion

3 bonds 1 lone pair

negative oxygen

6 lone pairs 1 bond

positive oxygen

2 lone pairs and 3 bonds

negative nitrogen

4 lone pairs and 2 bonds

positive nitrogen

0 lone pairs 4 bonds