Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1, 2, 3 Test

Anatomy

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.

Physiology

The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

Six levels of organization

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organ Systems

Integumentary

Musculoskeletal

Skeletal

Nervous

Endocrine

Circulatory

Immune

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

i miss silly nervous elephants circulating in really digusting unique rain

Integumentary

skin

protects deeper tissue from injury

Muscularskeletal

muscle

allows manipulation

produces heat

Skeletal

skeleton

protects and supports body organs

provides framework

Nervous

nerves

control system of the body

Circulatory

"circulation"

heart/blood vessels

blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide nutrients wastes

Immune

"immune"

lymph nodes

white blood cells/immune system

Respiratory

oxygen

lungs

keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Digestive

"digest food"

breaks food down

Urinary

"urine"

eliminates nitrogen containing waste

regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance in the blood

Endocrine

"glands"

secrete hormones

Reproductive

"reproduce"

penis/vagina

Life functions

Maintaining boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

Must make really digging metal elephants real great

Survival needs

Nutrients

Oxygen

Water

Appropriate temperature

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

regulation of the bodies internal environment

Importance of Homeostasis

keeps our bodies balanced

Negative feedback

stabilizes the regulated variable

Matter

"stuff" of the universe; anything that occupies space and has mass

Energy

ability to do work

Element

substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means

Molecule

two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically

Compound

two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically

salts, carbon dioxide, water

Atom

smallest stable unit of matter; building blocks of elements

Protons

positively charged in the nucleus

Neutrons

uncharged in the nucleus

subatomic particle with a neutral charge

Electrons

negatively charged, orbiting the nucleus

Atomic Number

equal to the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom

Atomic mass number

sum of the protons and neutrons

Stable elements

do not form bonds

Covalent bonds

share a pair of electrons

single, double, and triple bonds

polar vs nonpolar molecules

Ionic bonds

giving and taking of electrons

attraction between ions with opposite charges

cation- electron donor, positively charged

anion- electron receiver, negatively charged

always polar

only form with metals

Hydrogen

weak bond between hydrogen atom and negative portion or polar molecule

provides attraction between molecules

found between: water molecules, amino acids in a protein shape, two strands of DNA molecule holding it together

What properties of water make it important to all living systems

high heat capacity

polarity

chemical reactivity

cushioning

Acid

more hydrogen

release hydrogen ions

Base

less hydrogen

accepts hydrogen

Buffer

it is a solution that resist large changes in PH

Too much acid

a buffer solution absorbs more hydrogen ions

Too much base

a buffer solution releases more hydrogen ions

Why is carbon so important

all elements are based on carbon

Organic compounds

associated with all living organisms

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Inorganic compounds

lack carbon, simple small molecules

water, salts

Four main classes of organic molecules

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

Monomers

a molecule that can combine with other molecules

Polymer

chainlike molecule

Saccharides

sugars

Carbohydrate

usually ends with "ose"

made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

primary energy of the body

Lipids

fats

steroids

phospholipids

Fats

made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

nonpolar and insoluble in water

fats and oils

Steroids

Hormones

Phospholipids

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tails

Why are R groups important

it is the functional group of amino acids, and they determine the protein monomers

deciphers which one is which

What type of of bond joins amino acids together?

Peptide bonds

Why are the 20 basic amino acids important

they break down food, perform useful bodily functions

What are some examples of protein

salmon, tofu, beef, collagen, actin, elastin

How does the shape of a protein determine its function?

the amino acid sequence

Enzymes

speeds up chemical processes

digest food

DNA

genetic information

RNA

covert info stored in DNA to proteins

Transcription

DNA->RNA

Translation

RNA->protein

Cell theory

a cell is the smallest unit of life that can function and do all life functions including reproducing itself

Fluid Mosaic model

Plasma Membrane

barrier of the cell

"traffic control"

Nucleus

Control center, contains genetic material

"mayor of the city"

Cytoplasm

the goo

cytosol

inclusions

organelles

Mitochondria

powerhouses, supply ATP

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of sacs and tubules in cytoplasm used for transporting substances in the cell

Rough ER

transports proteins

studded with ribosomes

Smooth ER

detox of drugs and pesticides

Ribosomes

use RNA to make proteins

Golgi apparatus

sorts and ships out proteins

Lysosomes

sac of digestive enzymes

break stuff down

Peroxisomes

detox harmful and poisonous substances

Cytoskeleton

internal framework

What are cytoskeletons made of

Actin filament

Microtubule

Intermediate filament

Diffusion

movement of molecules/ions from high to low concentration

Simple diffusion

unassisted diffusion

no energy

Facilitated diffusion

when molecules are too big to pass through the membrane (glucose).

no energy

Osmosis

diffusion of water

selectively permeable membrane

No energy

Filtration

forced passage of water and solutes through a membrane due to pressure

kidneys

Active transport

uses energy (ATP) to energize pumps to move substances against their concentration.

low to high

creates disequal

uses energy

Vesicular transport

uses ATP to move substances into or out of cells without crossing the plasma membrane

uses energy

Exocytosis

out

hormones, mucous,

Endocytosis

in

moves substances into cells

Three membrane junctions

Tight junction

Desmosome (anchoring)

Gap junction

4 major tissue types

Epithelial (covering)

Connective (connects)

Nervous (control, nerves)

Muscle (movement)

Elephants can not mate

Epithelial

lining, covering

protection

absorption

filtration

secretion

Simple squamous

flattened

absorption

filtration

secretion

Simple cuboidal

cube shaped

secretion

absorption

Simple columnar

column

secretion

absorption

Location of simple squamous

lines body cavities

lungs and capillaries

Location of simple cuboidal

glands and ducts

walls of kidneys

covers ovaries

Location of simple columnar

lines digestive tract

Pseudostratified Columnar

single layer, but looks like a lot

absorption or secretion

Location of Pseudostratified Columnar

respiratory tract

Stratified Sqaumous

flattened

protective covering

Location of Stratified Sqaumous

Outer portion of skin

lining of mouth and esophagus