IGCSE CIE Sociology 2: Culture, Identity and Socialisation | Quizlet

Adolescence

The period of growing up between childhood and adulthood.

Adulthood

When an individual is accepted by their culture as a full member.

Age Group

Ways in which people of the same or similar age share a status and associated roles.

Agencies of Socialization

Institutions in which people are socialized.

Beliefs

Statements that people hold to be tru.

Canalization

Channelling children towards activities that are considered appropriate for them (for example, because of their gender).

Child-centered

A society in which children are highly valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well-being.

Childhood

The period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights.

Coercion

The use or threat of force or violence.

Cultural Relativism

Considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a Western point of view.

Culture

The way of life of a society.

Customs

Norms in a particular society that are widely accepted and carry on over time.

Diversity

Where there are many differences; cultural diversity refers to the wide differences between human cultures.

Elderly

Belonging to the age group of those advanced in years.

Ethnic Minority

An ethnic group that is relatively small in number compared with the majority in a society and is seen as different.

Ethnicity

Ethnicity refers to cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin.

Femininity

The expected behavior associated with being female.

Feral Children

'Wile' children who have not been socialized.

Formal Social Control

Social control imposed by a person or organization (such as a teacher or a police officer) who has the authority to implement rules or laws.

Gender

The roles and expectations associated with being male or female.

Global Culture

The idea that as a result of globalization there is or will be a single culture shared by people all around the world.

Globalization

The complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware of, interact with and influence each other.

Hidden Curriculum

When pupils learn in schools apart from the content of lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so.

Imitation

Young children learning by copying the behavior of others.

Inadequate Socialization

When socialization is incomplete or ineffective.

Informal Social Control

Ways of controlling behavior imposed by people without a formal role to do (such as peers).

Laws

Rules that are given force by being formalized by governments.

Lifestyle

The typical way of life of an individual, group or culture.

Manipulation

How parents and others encourage some behavior and discourage other behavior.

Masculinity

The expected behavior associated with being male.

Multicultural Society

A society in which many different cultures or sub-cultures exist alongside each other.

Nature

The influence of biological factors on human behavior in the nature/nurture debate.

Norms

The behavior that societies expect of their members in particular situations.

Nurture

The influence of society and culture on human behavior in the nature/nurture debate.

Ostracism

Excluding someone from the community or group.

Peer Group

People of the same status (for example, they are the same age).

Peer Pressure

The influence that a peer group has to force or persuade its members to conform.

Primary Socialization

The first and most important period of socialization in which the individual learns the basic norms of behavior.

Race

Race refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people.

Rewards

A positive sanction so that someone is praised or is better off.

Role

The patterns of behavior expected of someone because of their status in society.

Role Conflict

When someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other.

Role Modeling

Acting as an example so that this behavior is copied by others.

Sanctions

Ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptable behavior, usually used in the sense of punishment (negative sanctions).

Secondary Socialization

Later socialization, usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles.

Sex

Being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes).

Social Class

A form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle and working class.

Social Conformity

Acting in according with norms and social expectations.

Social Control

Ways in which members of society are made to conform to norms and values.

Social Construction

The idea that social situations and events are constructed - made - by societies: they do not exist in nature as independent things.

Social Identity

Individuals' perception of themselves, based partly on ideas about how others see them.

Social Institutions

Parts of society that have their own sets of norms and values, such as the family and the school system.

Social Interaction

Any situation in which two or more people have social contact with each other.

Social Order

The ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time.

Status

A position that someone has in a society; status can be ascribed (fixed by others) or achieved.

Stereotype

The attributes that people think (often wrongly) characterized a group.

Sub-culture

A group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values.

Value Consensus

General agreement across a society on a set of values.

Values

Standards shared by members of a culture and used to judge whether behavior is right or wrong.

Youth Sub-cultures

A sub-culture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress and musical preference.