The Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformationyuh

Protestant Reformation

Religious upheaval in 1500s Europe challenging Catholic Church practices.

Martin Luther

German monk who triggered the Reformation with 95 Theses against indulgences.

95 Theses

Arguments by Martin Luther against indulgences, papal authority, and salvation through faith.

John Calvin

Reformer who preached predestination and led Protestant movement in Geneva.

Calvinism

Religious teachings emphasizing predestination and theocracy, spread by John Calvin.

Printing Presses

Spread Luther's ideas and writings throughout Germany and Scandinavia.

Protestants

Followers of Luther who renounced papal authority, emphasizing faith and Bible.

Theocracy

System of government where religious leaders rule in the name of God.

Henry VIII

English king who broke from the Catholic Church to divorce Catherine of Aragon.

Act of Supremacy

Law making Henry VIII head of the Church of England, breaking from papal control.

Elizabethan Settlement

Reforms by Queen Elizabeth I, compromising between Protestant and Catholic practices.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to Protestant challenges, reaffirming beliefs and founding new orders.

Council of Trent

Papal council reaffirming Catholic beliefs challenged by Protestants.

Jesuits

Religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, emphasizing discipline and obedience.

Teresa of Avila

Established order of nuns dedicated to prayer and meditation during Counter-Reformation.

Witchcraft Persecution

Both Catholics and Protestants executed innocent people accused of witchcraft.

Venice Ghetto

Area where Jews were forced to live after being pressured to convert in Venice.

Heretic

a person who believes or has an opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine

Indulgences

a practice within the Catholic Church that allowed individuals to reduce their punishment for sins, typically in exchange for monetary donations

The outcome of the Diet of Worms in 1521

Martin Luther’s excommunication from the church.

Goal of the Protestant Reformation

To reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church

John Calvin’s theocracy in Geneva influence

contributed to the spread of Reformed theology and intensified religious conflicts in Europe.

The significance of Martin Luther’s actions in relation to the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther’s actions challenged the Catholic Church’s practices and beliefs, leading to the Protestant Reformation.