Kant Ethics

Good Will

Doing the right thing just because it’s the right thing—not for rewards or fear.

Acting from Duty

Doing something because it’s right.

In Conformity with Duty

Doing something that looks right but isn't done for the right reason.

Hypothetical Imperative

A rule that tells you what to do if you want something.

Categorical Imperative

A rule that tells you what to do no matter what.

Formula of Universal Law

Act like your choice should become a rule for everyone in the world.

Universal Law Procedure/Test

1. What's your reason (maxim)?

2. Could everyone do it?

3. If yes, it’s okay.

4. If no, don’t do it.

Loan Example (Universal Law)

Don’t lie to get a loan—if everyone lied, loans wouldn’t exist!

Help Example (Universal Law)

We should help others because we’d want help too.

Kant's Insight

It’s unfair to act in ways we don’t want others to act toward us.

Formula of Humanity

Always treat people like they matter, not just as tools.

Using as Means vs. Mere Means

Using someone as a means (like trade) is okay; using merely as a means (like lying) is wrong.

Negative Agreement with Humanity

Don’t use people wrongly.

Positive Agreement with Humanity

Help people live good, free lives.

The Inquiring Murderer

Kant argues that telling the truth, even in harmful situations, is right.

Absolute Deontology

Never break the rule.

Moderate Deontology

Maybe break the rule if the cost is huge.

False Positives & Negatives

Kant’s rules can sometimes incorrectly classify actions as right or wrong.

One Thought Too Many

Sometimes people overthink morality instead of doing what’s kind or obvious.

Nonhuman Animals (Kant's View)

We shouldn't hurt animals not because they have rights, but because it harms our humanity.