Kant Ethics

The Good Will
A good will means doing the right thing just because it’s the right thing—not for rewards or fear.

Acting from Duty vs. In Conformity with Duty
Doing something from duty means doing it because it’s right; in conformity means it looks right but isn't done for the right reason.

Hypothetical vs. Categorical Imperative
A hypothetical rule tells you what to do if you want something; a categorical rule tells you what to do no matter what.

Formula of Universal Law
Act like your choice should become a rule for everyone in the world.

Universal Law Procedure

What’s your reason (maxim)?

Could everyone do it?

If yes, it’s okay.

If no, don’t do it.

Loan & Help Examples (Formula of Universal Law)
Don’t lie to get a loan—if everyone lied, loans wouldn’t exist!
We should help others because we’d want help too.

Kant's Insight
It’s unfair to act in ways we don’t want others to act toward us.

Formula of Humanity
Always treat people like they matter, not just like tools to get what you want.

Means vs. Mere Means
Using someone as a means (like trade) is okay—but using them merely as a means (like lying) is wrong.

Positive & Negative Agreement with Humanity
Negative: Don’t use people wrongly.
Positive: Help people live good, free lives.

The Inquiring Murderer
Telling the truth could hurt someone—so is it still right? Kant says yes, but it’s controversial.

Absolute vs. Moderate Deontology
Absolute: Never break the rule.
Moderate: Maybe break it if the cost is huge.

False Positives & Negatives
Kant’s rules can sometimes say something’s wrong when it seems right—or say it’s right when it seems wrong.

One Thought Too Many
Sometimes people overthink morality instead of just doing what’s kind or obvious.

Nonhuman Animals
Kant says we shouldn't hurt animals—not because they have rights, but because it harms our humanity.