Psychology: Chapter 7

Learning

A change in behavior due to experience.

Innate

Behaviors that you are born with and do not have to learn.

Behavior

Observable actions and words.

Reflexes

Naturally occurring behaviors that correspond to certain stimuli.

Pavlovian conditioning

Two events that are correlated with each other.

Example

Setting a specific ringtone for a family member to identify their calls.

Operant conditioning

Observing the consequences of our actions.

Social learning

Learning by watching others.

Latent learning

Learning how to do something without demonstrating the knowledge until asked or told to do so.

Ivan Pavlov

A scientist who associated two events with each other and studied how dogs digest food.

Stimulus

Something that can be detected and measured, evoking a behavior or response.

Unconditioned stimulus

A naturally occurring stimulus that triggers a response.

Unconditioned response

A naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned stimulus

Something that is learned and triggers a response.

Conditioned response

A response that is learned in association with a conditioned stimulus.

Short delayed conditioning

When an unconditioned stimulus occurs shortly after a conditioned stimulus.

Long delayed conditioning

When an unconditioned stimulus occurs after a longer period of time following a conditioned stimulus.

Trace conditioning

When an unconditioned stimulus occurs minutes or hours after a conditioned stimulus.

Simultaneous conditioning

When an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus occur at the same time.

Backward conditioning

When an unconditioned stimulus occurs a few seconds before a conditioned stimulus.

Taste aversion learning

Avoiding a certain food item after experiencing illness following its consumption.

Pavlovian extinction

When the association between an unconditioned and conditioned response is no longer present.

Spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction.

Pavlovian conditioning and fears

How certain conditioned stimuli can lead to the development of fears.

Stimulus generalization

When a conditioned response occurs to a similar stimulus that was not originally conditioned.

Stimulus discrimination

When a conditioned response only occurs to the specific conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli.

Higher order conditioning

When a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned response.

Little Albert and stimulus generalization

A case study where a child developed fear of similar stimuli after being conditioned to fear one specific stimulus.

Systematic desensitization

Treating phobias by gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus while maintaining a relaxed state.

Operant conditioning

The consequences of our behavior affecting our future behavior.

Thorndike and instrumental learning

Observing how long it takes for a cat to escape a box by pressing a pedal.

The law of effect

Behaviors that are rewarded with satisfying consequences are more likely to recur.

Antecedents

Anything in the environment that showcases the consequences of our actions.

Consequences

Events that modify future behavior.

Deadman test

If a dead man can do it, it is not considered behavior.

Reinforcement contingencies

The "if-then" rule proposed by Skinner, where behavior is influenced by the consequences.

Positive reinforcement

Adding a positive consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Negative reinforcement

Removing a negative consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Positive punishment

Adding a negative consequence to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Negative punishment

Removing a positive consequence to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Avoidance

Engaging in certain behaviors to prevent negative consequences.

Escape

Engaging in certain behaviors to remove or escape from negative consequences.

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.

Partial reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior only some of the time.

Shaping

Reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior.

Reinforcers

Events that influence behavior and increase the likelihood of the behavior recurring.

Primary reinforcers

Naturally rewarding events.

Secondary reinforcers

Events that are not naturally rewarding but have acquired reinforcing properties.

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

Reinforcers that maintain their reinforcing properties across different situations.

Scheduling consequences

Different types of schedules that determine when and how often consequences are delivered.

Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning

The distinction between reflexive responses and responses influenced by consequences.

Bandura's theory

Attention, retention, production, and motivation as key factors in social learning.

Learned helplessness

Giving up on a task or goal after repeated failures or