Psychology: Chapter 7

  • Leaning: change in behaviour due to experience 

  • Innate: you are born with and don’t have to learn

  • Behaviour: observable, words actions

  • Reflexes: naturally occurring corresponding to behaviour  

  • Pavlovian condition: 2 events that correlate with one another

    • Example: I set a ringtone for my dad with a choo choo train so I know it’s my dad who calling

  • Operant conditioning:

    • We observe what happens when we do something 

    • I shake a bag of treats and Sophie comes running to me

  • Social learning:

    • Learning something by watching others 

    • Example: my dog might learn how to open doors because she watched me open them 

  • Latent learning: 

    • learning how to do something but not having to show the knowledge until asked or told to do so

  • Ivan Pavlov: associated 2 events with one another 

    • Studied how dogs digest food. 

    • Salivation

    • He observed that when dogs were shown food the dogs started to salivate

    • He also observed that when he put on his lab coat the dog also started to salivate the corresponding lab coat and food together (2 events)

  • Stimulus: 

    • Detect 

    • Measurable 

    • Evokes behaviour and response 

  • Unconditioned stimulus: 

    • naturally occurring and triggering 

  • Unconditioned response:

    • Naturally occurring

  • Conditioned stimulus: 

    • Something you learn

    • Lab coat 

  • Conditioned response: 

    • Dogs salvation in response to seeing the lab coat and getting ready for food 

  • Short delayed condition:

    • You see the lighting and after minutes you hear the tornado clap 

    • Uncondtinal stimulus (natually occurring)  (thunder clap) happens shortly after conditioned stimulus (lighting)

  • Long delayed condition:

    • You see the sky turn grey (conditoned stimulus) and after a while you hear the thunder (uncondtional stimulus)

  • Trace conditioning:

    • Happens minutes or hours after conditioned stimulus 

    • You eat sushi (conditoned) then after hours you realiae you have salmonella (unconditional)

  • Simultaneous conditioning 

    • Uncondtional stimulus and conditional stimulus occur at the same time

    • Hearing thunder (unconditional stimulus) and seeing lighting (conditional stimulus) happen at the same time

  • Backward conditioning: 

    • Unconditional stimulus occurs a few seconds before the conditioned stimulus 

    • Hearing the thunder (unconditional) before seing the lighting (conditional)

  • Taste aversion learning:

    • We eat a new food and experience illness after (trace conditioning). Now you avoid the item becasue you think you will become sick again.

    • Eating subway, becoming sick then avoiding it because you think you will get sick again. 

  • Pavlovain extinction 

    • Unconditional and conditional response are no longer associated 

    • Pavlov put on his coat but stop feeding the dog

    • The dog would not salivate anymore when he put on the coat 

  • Spontaneous recovery

    • After extinction you still feel fear

    • Cancer partinets: when they find out about their diagnosis in dcotros ofccie they feel intense fear

    • Cancer survisours: still feel anxitey about doctors office after recovery (spontaneous recovery)

  • Pavalovial condition often leads to fears 

    • Police workers: firring explosions can casue ptsd and trauma and so when they get home and do fireworks they still feel fear from the trauma 

    • Conditioned (firing of weapon / firework) unconditional (fear from fireworks)

  • Pavlovian condition and what we like 

    • Apetitive: something we like

    • Aversive: something we don't like 

    • Example: if we see an actor we like and they advertise a product we are more likely to like the product because we like the actor 

  • Stimulus generalization 

    • If my dog is trained to salivate when she hears a squeaky bell (conditioned response) she might also salivate when she hears a different bell 

  • Stimulus discrimination 

    • My dog learns to salivate to the squeaky bell but does not salivate to a different bell

  • High order conditioning 

    • Neutral stimulus is paired with conditioned stimulus 

    • My dog learns that the can opener = food and comes running by hearing the sound 

  • Little Albert + stimulus generalization 

    • He was shown many different animals 

    • When he was shown the white rab, people began banging drums together and that scared Albert.

    • Albert was then scared every time he saw the white rabbit or a similar white stuffy even after the banging stopped 

  • Systematic desensitization 

    • You have a phobia and you continue to talk about the phobia while feeling relaxed

    • Example: you have a fear of birds, you keep talking about birds while breathing easily and start to feel at ease and relaxed about the topic

  • Operant conditioning 

    • Consequences of our behaviour affect our future behaviour 

    • My dog did the trick and I rewarded her with a treat 

  • Throdlike and instrumental learning (operant) 

    • Throdlike placed a cat inside a box with a pedal. He wanted to observe how long it would take the cat to escape 

    • The cat would press on the pedal whenever it wanted to open the door and this is why it's called instrumental conditioning

  • The law of effect

    • 1. Behaviours that reward satisfying consequences recur 

    • 2. Behaviours that caused discomfort did not recur 

  • Antecedents

    • Anything in the physical environment that showcases the consequences of our actions 

  • Behaviour 

    • Anything that we do that affects the environment 

  • Consequences 

    • Events that modify future behaviour

  • Deadman test

    • If a dead man can do it, it is not behaviour 

  • Reinforcement contingencies 

    • Skinner said (if then rule)

    • If you do this then this will happen

    • Reinforcement = behaviour will occur in the future 

    • Punishment =  behaviour will not occur in the future 

  • Positive reinforcement:

    • Behaviour produces a consequences and the behaviour continues to happen 

    •  turning on your computer by pushing a button - something that you will do again in the future.

  • Negative reinforcement:

    • Behaviour removes a consequence and makes your behaviour continue to happen 

    • You see an error message and turn off your laptop, and the laptop turns on again 

    • Leaving the party [response] to avoid someone you dislike [removing negative consequence]

  • Positive punishment 

    • Adding a negative consequence to remove a behaviour 

    • I stole a waterbottle [response] and I got yelled at [adding negative consequence]

    • My behaviour of stealing will not happen in the future 

  • Negative punishment 

    • Removing positive consequence to change behaviour 

    • I yell at my sister [repsonse] and I lose all my allowance [removing positive consequence]

    • Luna argued with her parents [reponse] and lost her phone [remvoing positive consequence]

  • Avoidance

    • I go for yearly check-ups to avoid being sick  

  • Escape 

    • Im sick so I went to the doctors to get treated

  • Continuous reinforcement 

    • Evrytime you with to the bank you got candy, but you would notice when you dsisdnt

    • Everytime you texted, they texted back, and then they stopped texting you (and you noticed→ something change ) and so you stopped texting. 

  • Partial reinforcement

    • They text you, but then they disappear (treat you like gold sometimes and sometimes don't)

  • Shaping 

    • Instead of rewarding only positive behaviours, through praises and attention to the behaviour being created and target being reached the dog will do better,

    • Baby learns to walk. If you praise it, it will feel good and get better and better 

  • Reinforces 

    • Events that influence behaviour and influence the likelihood of the behaviour 

  • Positive reinforces (adding)

    • Compleimtns 

    • Food

    • Money 

  • Negative reinforcer (removing)

    • Washing your hands after touching a dirty surface (removing the germs)

    • Wearing sunglasses to block out harsh lights (removing harsh light to eyes)

  • Primary reinforces 

    • Natural 

  • Secondary reinforcers

    • Not natural 

  • Generalized conditioned reinforcers 

    • Imagine a child who initially learns that earning a gold star (conditioned reinforcer) in the classroom is rewarding. Over time, the child generalizes the value of the gold star to other settings, such as at home or in extracurricular activities. 

    • (I'm gonna get a gold star if I do this)

    • The gold star becomes a generalized conditioned reinforcer because it maintains its reinforcing properties across different situations

  • Scheduling Consequences

    • 4 main types of schedules → fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval 

    • Ratio → a specific number of responses

    • Interval → time 

    • Ranked from low responding rate to high

      • Fixed interval → 1-minute interval (fixed time elapse) 

      • Variable interval → we have to wait different amounts of time for each response 

      • Fixed ratio → several responses not time 

      • Variable ratio → number of response changes 

  • Pavlovian conditioning operant 

    • Pavolvin: unconditional responses will happen regardless of whether the conditional response has occurred or not

    • Dog will still salivate 

  • Operant conditioning

    • Due to behaviour 

    • Rate will only get food if they press the lever 

  • Badnuras theory 

    • Attention → obervsing what the model is doingn

    • Retentionc → ackowldeging and learning what she is doing

    • Production → actually doing what she is doing

    • Motiavtuonn → getting rewarded the same way she was for what she was doing and now you are doing 

  • learned helplessness

    • Student tries to study for a math test (they study so much and try different techniques) to succeed and not fail, student gives up (helpeness) and studies for other exams.