Unit 3 AP World History

American Revolution

The revolution in which American colonies fought to gain independence from Britain, ending in the establishment of the United States of America.

Ancien regime

The 'old order' period prior to the French Revolution in 1789.

Anti-semitism

Prejudice against Jews, particularly in the political, social, and economic contexts, coined in the late nineteenth century.

Caudillos

Local military leaders in nineteenth-century Latin America.

Civil Code

The civil law code promulgated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804.

Congress of Vienna

Gathering of European diplomats from 1814 to 1815 to restore the political and social order that existed before the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A document from the French Revolution that was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence.

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

Published in 1791 by Olympe de Gouges, it claimed equal rights for women as those granted to men.

Deists

People who believe in the existence of a god but reject supernatural Christianity.

Enlightenment

Eighteenth-century philosophical movement emphasizing reason over tradition.

Estates General

An assembly representing the entire French population through designated estates.

French Revolution

Beginning in 1789, it aimed to replace old political, social, and cultural structures in France.

Gens de couleur

French term for 'people of color'.

Gran Colombia

A republic formed by Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador in the 1820s.

Haitian Revolution

Civil war (1791-1803) in France's Saint-Domingue leading to the formation of Haiti.

Judenstaat

Pamphlet advocating for Jewish mass migration to establish a homeland.

Levee en masse

Universal conscription term during the radical phase of the French Revolution.

Liberalism

An ideology advocating for Enlightenment values of freedom and equality.

National Assembly

The French assembly formed in 1789 seeking to draft a new constitution.

Nationalism

Ideology that emphasizes the glory and interests of national communities.

Peninsulares

Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal.

Philosophes

French intellectuals who played a significant role in advocating reason.

Realpolitik

A pragmatic approach to politics based on practical considerations.

The Social Contract

Book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau arguing for collective sovereignty.

Suffrage

The right to vote in public elections.

Volksgeist

'People’s spirit,' a term referring to a nation’s cultural identity.

Waterloo

Battle where the British army defeated Napoleon, ending his reign.

Young Italy

An Italian nationalist group advocating for independence from foreign rule.

Zionism

Political movement advocating for the Jewish people's right to a national homeland.

Calicoes

Inexpensive, brightly printed textiles imported from India.

Cartels

Large-scale business organizations that sought to control market competition.

Child labor

The practice of employing children in work, often under exploitative conditions.

Communist Manifesto

1848 publication by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating for communism.

Corporations

Business entities owned by multiple investors through stock ownership.

Crystal Palace

A large iron and glass structure that showcased global products and innovations.

Demographic transition

Changes in population patterns concerning fertility and mortality.

Factory system

Organized manufacturing process with specialized workers and machinery.

Flying shuttle

An innovation in weaving that increased demand for cotton.

Luddites

Groups of English workers who protested industrialization by destroying machines.

Middle class

New social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.

Mule

An advanced spinning device that greatly increased thread production.

Power loom

A mechanized device for weaving cloth, which replaced hand weavers.

Second Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid technological change from 1870 to 1914.

Socialism

Political and economic theory advocating for collective ownership of production.

Trade unions

Groups formed by workers to promote their rights and improve conditions.

Trusts

Business conglomerates that controlled industries in a monopolistic manner.

Utopian socialists

Advocates for ideal communities showcasing equitable societies.

Working class

Laborers employed in factories and manual jobs.

Boxer rebellion

An anti-foreign uprising in China that resulted in violence against foreigners and Christians.

Capitulations

Unfavorable trading agreements signed by the Ottoman Empire with Europeans.

Cohong

Regulated Chinese firms licensed to conduct trade with foreigners.

Crimean War

Conflict (1853-1856) between Russia and allied forces over territory.

Duma

Russian Parliament established after the Revolution of 1905.

Emancipation Manifesto

Alexander II's proclamation that abolished serfdom in Russia.

Hundred Days Reforms

Attempts to modernize China in 1898 led by Kang Youwei.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire forming the first modern army.

Meiji restoration

Restoration of imperial rule in Japan in 1868, bringing Western reforms.

Opium War

War (1839-1842) triggered by China's efforts to ban opium.

Pogroms

Organized massacres of ethnic groups, especially Jews, in Eastern Europe.

Samurai

Japanese warriors serving feudal lords.

Self-Strengthening Movement

China's efforts to modernize while maintaining cultural traditions.

Taiping rebellion

Massive civil war (1850-1864) in Qing China symbolizing its decline.

Tanzimat

Reform era in the Ottoman Empire aiming for modernization and constitutionalism.

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 treaty post-Opium War granting Britain trade concessions in China.

Unequal treaties

Pacts limiting China's sovereignty following the Opium War.

Young Turks

Reformers in the Ottoman Empire advocating for modern changes.

Zaibatsu

Japanese economic conglomerates similar to trusts.

Zemstvos

Elected district assemblies in 19th century Russia.

Berlin West Africa Conference

1884-1885 meeting to regulate European colonization of Africa.

Direct rule

Colonial administration where European personnel directly govern.

East India Company

British company that acted as a state within India.

Great Game

Nineteenth-century rivalry between Great Britain and Russia over Central Asia.

Indentured labor

Labor system where workers sell a portion of their lives for passage.

Indian National Congress

Political forum for educated Indians to voice public concerns.

Indirect rule

Control over populations through local institutions.

Maori

Indigenous people of New Zealand.

Mission civilisatrice

The 'civilizing mission' of Europeans to impose their values in colonies.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 doctrine warning European powers against interference in Latin America.

Omdurman

Battle site where the British defeated Sudanese forces.

The Origin of the Species

Darwin's work on evolution and natural selection.

Panama Canal

Canal constructed to enhance maritime trade effectiveness.

Roosevelt Corollary

Extension of the Monroe Doctrine allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Russo-Japanese War

1904-1905 conflict where Japan defeated Russia, gaining recognition of power.

Scientific racism

Justification of racism using pseudo-scientific arguments.

Scramble for Africa

Period of intense colonization of Africa by European powers.

South African War

Conflict over control of land and resources between British and Afrikaners.

Spanish-Cuban-American War

U.S. war with Spain following the Cuban revolution.

Suez Canal

Canal built to facilitate faster naval movement between continents.

Survival of the fittest

Darwin's term describing natural selection and adaptation.

Terra nullius

Concept of land 'belonging to no one' justifying colonial conquests.

Treaty of Waitangi

1840 treaty between British and Maori, leading to conflict over interpretations.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher known as the father of modern economics.

Baron de Montesquieu

French noble advocating for political liberty and separation of powers.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the 1840s.

George Washington

First president of the United States and commander during the American Revolution.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist and leader of 'Young Italy' promoting independence.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Leader of the Italian unification movement.

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

Philosopher advocating for political equality and general will.

John Locke

Philosopher promoting natural rights and constitutional government.

Louis XVI

King of France who faced bankruptcy and sought to tax nobility.