Unit 3 AP World History

Chapter 16

• American Revolution - The revolution that took place in which American colonies ruled by Britain fought to make themselves an independent nation separate from British rule, it ended in the establishment of The United States of America by declaration. It was also the inspiration for many revolutions to come.

• Ancien regime - Meaning “old order”, and refers to the period prior to the French Revolution in 1789

• Anti-semitism - Term coined in the late nineteenth century that was associated with a prejudice against Jews and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them

• Caudillos - Latin American term for nineteenth-century local military leaders

• Civil Code - Civil law code promulgated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804

• Congress of Vienna - Gathering of European diplomats in Vienna, Austria, from October 1814 to June 1815. The representatives of the “great powers” that defeated Napoleon- Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia- dominated the proceedings, which aimed to restore the prerevolutionary political and social order

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen - Document from the French Revolution (1789) that was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and in turn influenced other revolutionary movements

• Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen - Published by Olympe de Gouges in 1791; claimed the same rights for women that revolutionary leaders had granted to French men in August 1789

• Deists - People who believed in the existence of a god but denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity, such as Jesus’ virgin birth and his resurrection. 

• Enlightenment - Eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition; it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution 

• Estates General - An assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates

• French revolution - Began in 1789 and sought to replace society with new political, social, and cultural structures

• Gens de couleur - French for “people of color”

• Gran Colombia - A republic formed by Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador in the 1820s; disintegrated in the 1830s

• Haitian Revolution - (1791-1803) A civil war/revolution in France’s Saint-Domonique between the white settlers and gens de couleur leading to the formation of the Republic of Haiti 

• Judenstaat -  Pamphlet that argued that the only defense against anti-Semitism lay in the mass migration of Jews from all over the world to a land that they could call their own

• Levee en masse - A term signifying universal conscription during the radical phase of the French Revolution

• Liberalism - An ideology that championed the Enlightenment values of freedom and equality, which was believed to lead to higher standards of morality and increased prosperity for the whole society

• National Assembly - A group in France formed in 1789 when representatives of the third estate seceded from the Estates General; aimed to provide France with a new constitution with “liberty, equality, and fraternity” as its goals

• Nationalism - The idealogy that glory and prosperity would come to those who worked in the interests of their national communities

• Peninsulares - Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal

• Philosophes - Prominent French intellectuals who advanced the cause of reason

• Realpolitik - “The politics of reality”

• The Social Contract - Book written by Jean-Jaques Rousseau that argued that members of a society were collectively the sovereign (1762)

• Suffrage - The right or privilege to vote in order to elect public officials or to adopt laws

• Volksgeist - “People’s spirit”, a term that was coined by the German philosopher Herder; a nation’s volksgeist would not come to maturity unless people study their own unique culture and traditions

• Waterloo - Location in Belgium where a British army defeated Napolean, effectively ending his reign 

• Young Italy - An Italian group that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state

• Zionism - A political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national home-land. 

Chapter 17

• Calicoes - Inexpensive, brightly printed textiles imported from India

• Cartels - Large-scale business organizations that sought to ensure the prosperity of their members by absorbing competitors, fixing prices, regulating production, or dividing up markets

• Child labor - Children working/laboring 

• Communist Manifesto - A work produced in 1848 by German theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which they aligned themselves with the communists, who worked toward the abolition of private property and the institution of a radically egalitarian society

• Corporations - A concept that reached mature form in the 1860s in England in France; it involved private businesses owned by thousands of individual and institutional investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks. 

• Crystal Palace - A magnificent structure made of iron and glass that enclosed trees, gardens, fountains, and manufactured products from around the world. 

• Demographic transition - Shifting patterns of fertility and mortality

• Factory system - Specialized workers working at locations where entrepreneurs and engineers built complicated machinery for large-scale production.

• Flying shuttle - A device that sped up the weaving process and stimulated demand for cotton thread. 

• Luddites - Organized bands of English handicraft workers that went on a rampage, destroying textile machines they blamed for their low wages and unemployment; leader called King Lud

• Middle class - A new class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution and consisted of small business owners; factory managers; engineers; accountants; skilled employees of large corporations; and professionals such as teachers, physicians, and attorneys. 

• Mule - A device created by Samuel Crompton in 1779 that was modified to become steam-powered and could produce a hundred times more thread than a worker using a manual spinning machine. 

• Power loom - A device patented in 1785 by Edmund Cartright that was water-driving  and mechanized the weaving process; was later mechanized and largely took the place of hand weavers

• Second Industrial Revolution - A new phase of rapid technological change, standardization, and mass consumption characterized by the use of steel as well as the spread of telegraph networks, electric power lines, and telephones that took place from 1870 to 1914. 

• Socialism - Political and economic theory of social organization based on the collective ownership of the means of production

• Trade unions - Groups of workers that sought to advance the quest for a just and equitable society and gradually improved the lives of working people and reduced the likelihood that a disgruntled proletariat would mount a revolution to overthrow industrial capitalist society. 

• Trusts - sought to control industries through vertical organization, by which they would dominate all facets of a single industry

• Utopian socialists - worked to establish ideal communities that would point the way to an equitable society

• Working class - A new class made up of laborers who worked in factories and mines 

Chapter 19

• Boxer rebellion - An antiforeign uprising supported by empress dowager Cixi that resulted in the killing of foreigners and Chinese Christians in Northern China (1900)

• Capitulations - Highly unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the nineteenth century that symbolized the decline of the Ottomans

• Cohong - Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation

• Crimean War - 1853-1856 c.e. War fought on the Crimean peninsula between Russia on the side and Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia on the other

• Duma -  Russian Parliament, established after the Revolution of 1905

• Emancipation Manifesto - Manifesto proclaimed by the Russian Tsar Alexander II in 1861 that abolished institution of serfdom and freed 23 million serfs

• Hundred Days Reforms - Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power

• Janissaries - Highly respected, elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire, who formed the first modern standing army in Europe

• Meiji restoration - Restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted Western reforms to strengthen Japan

• Opium War - (1839-1842) The war that broke out when Chinese governments decided to ban Opium trade and destroy all opium in China, the British became outraged towards their actions pressed into a military retaliation designed to reopen the opium trade.

• Pogroms - Yiddish word meaning “devastation”, referring to an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group - especially Jews in Eastern Europe

• Samurai - A Japanese warrior

• Self-Strengthening Movement - Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology

• Taiping rebellion - Rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan, during which twenty to thirty million were killed; the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the nineteenth century

• Tanzimat - “Reorganization” era (1839-1876), an attempt to reorganize the Ottoman Empire on Enlightenment and constitutional forms

• Treaty of Nanjing - 1842 Treaty forced on China by Great Britain after Britain’s victory in the first Opium War, which forcibly opened China to western trade and settlement 

• Unequal treaties - A series of pacts which followed the confrontations of the Opium war, curtailed China’s sovereignty, included the treaty of Najing.

• Young Turks - Nineteenth-century Turkish reformers who pushed for changes within the Ottoman Empire, such as universal suffrage and freedom of religion

• Zaibatsu - Japanese term for “wealthy cliques” which are similar to American trusts and cartels but usually organized around one family

• Zemstvos -  District assemblies elected by Russians in the nineteenth century

Chapter 20

• Berlin West Africa Conference - (1884-1885) The delegates of twelve European states as well as the United States and the Ottoman Empire devised the ground rules for the division of African territories by outsiders

• Direct rule - Colonies featured administrative districts headed by European personnel who assumed responsibility for tax collection, labor and military recruitment, and the maintenance of law and order

• East India Company - British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces

• Great Game -  Nineteenth-century competition between Great Britain and Russia for the control of central Asia

• Indentured labor - Labor source for plantations; wealthy planters would pay the laboring poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage

• Indian National Congress - A forum for educated Indians to communicate their views on public affairs to colonial officials

• Indirect rule - Control over subject populations through indigenous institutions

• Maori - Indigenous people of New Zealand

• Mission civilisatrice - Also known as the “Civilizing Mission” referring to European mission of “civilizing” people around the world by teaching them about European values, religion, economy, gender relations, and legal systems. This was used as justification to expand into Africa and Asia.

• Monroe Doctrine - American doctrine issued in 1823 during the presidency of James Monroe that warned Europeans to keep their hands off Latin America and that expressed growing American imperialist views regarding Latin America

• Omdurman - The location and name of a battle between the British and Sudanese that sought to expel the British from near Khartoum; British victory (1898) 

• The Origin of the Species - Argument that all living species had evolved over thousands of years in a ferocious contest for survival

• Panama Canal - (constructed 1904-1914) Canal that helped effectiveness of steamships

• Roosevelt Corollary - The U.S. right to intervene in the domestic affairs of nations within the hemisphere if they demonstrated an inability to maintain the security deemed necessary to protect the U.S. investments

• Russo-Japanese War - (1904-1905) Japanese forces overran Russia and Japan won international support recognition of its colonial authority over Korea and the Liaodong peninsula

• Scientific racism - Nineteenth-century attempt to justify racism by scientific means; an example would be Gobineau's essay on the Inequality of the Human Races

• Scramble for Africa - Period between about 1875 and 1900 in which European powers sought to colonize as much of the African continent as possible

• South African War - (1899-1902) Britons and Afrikaners fought over the right to control the land and resources of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal

• Spanish-Cuban-American War - (1898-1899) U.S. leaders claimed sabotage and declared war on Spain after a battleship exploded and sank while anchored in the Cuban port of Havana in 1898

• Suez Canal - A canal constructed (1859-1869) in Egypt sitting between Africa and South Asia built to facilitate the building and maintenance of empires by enabling naval vessels to travel more rapidly than ever before.

• Survival of the fittest - A saying referring to species that adapted well to their environment survived, reproduced, and flourished, according to Charles Darwin, whereas others declined and went into extinction. This saying soon became a byword for Darwin’s theory of evolution.

• Terra nullius - Concept meaning “land belonging to no one” used frequently by colonial powers who sought to justify the conquest of nomadic lands

• Treaty of Waitangi - Treaty between British government and indigenous Maori peoples of New Zealand in 1840 that was interpreted differently by both sides and thus created substantial Maori opposition to British settlement

People

Chapter 16

• Adam Smith - Scottish philosopher who turned his attention to economic affairs and believed that laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace.

• Baron de Montesquieu - French nobleman who sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state.

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton - A prominent figure in the women's rights movement in London and the United States in the 1840’s, she organized a conference in New York where she demanded lawmakers grant women rights equivalent to those enjoyed by men.

• George Washington - First president of the United States, a revolutionary general in the American revolution.

• Giuseppe Garibaldi - An Italian nationalist who formed a group called “Young Italy” which promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and establishment of an Italian state.

• Giuseppe Mazzini - An Italian soldier and nationalist who led the unification movement, with an army of one thousand men he swept through Sicily and southern Italy out maneuvering government forces and attracting recruits.

• Jean-Jaques Rousseau - A French-Swiss thinker who identified with simple working people and deeply resented the privileges enjoyed by the elite class, an advocate for political equality.

• John Locke - An English philosopher who worked to discover natural laws of politics, he attacked theories that monarchs had the divine right to rule and instead advocated constitutional government on the grounds that sovereignty resides in the people rather than the state or its rulers.

• Louis XVI - French King who reigned 1774-1793, was in reign when the French government faced complete bankruptcy, he sought to increase taxation on the French nobility.

• Mary Wollstonecraft - A British writer and advocate of women's rights, published the influential essay titled “A Vindication of the Rights of Women.”

Chapter 19

• Abdul Hamid II - Sultan who ruled from 1876 to 1909, he was persuaded to accept a constitution that limited his authority and a representative government but later suspended it, dissolved parliament and exiled liberals.

• Cixi - Dowager Empress of the Quing Dynasty, defeated the Taipings and their rebellion.

• Commodore Matthew Perry - American commander who arrived in Tokyo Bay, 1853 to demand that the shogun open Japan to diplomatic and commercial relations and sign a treaty of friendship.

• Lin Zexu - Chinese government official who was charged with the task of destroying the opium trade.

• Mahmud II - The one surviving male member after Janissaries rampaged, cousin to Sultan Selim II, became a sultan and reigned 1808-1839.

• Muhammad Ali - The energetic general who built a powerful army modeled on European forces and ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848, he made Egypt an essentially autonomous region within the Ottoman empire.

• Mutsuhito - Emperor of the most eventful time in Japan’s history who also went by “Emperor Meiji”

• Nicholas II - A weak Russian ruler who reigned 1894-1917, he championed oppression and police control.

• Selim III - Ottoman leader who embarked on a program to remodel his army along the lines of European forces, threatening the elite Janissary corps which led to a violent uprising where he ended locked up.

• Alexander II - A Russian Tsar reigned 1855-1881, suggested that “It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until the serfs begin to liberate themselves from below,” issued the Emancipation Manifesto, granted liberty to 23 million serfs.

Chapter 20

• Cecil John Rhodes - European merchant/entrepreneur who built a massive fortune by exploiting African laborers to mine diamonds in southern Africa, advocated for the extension of British rule to the rest of the world.

• Emilio Aguinaldo - Leader of the Filipino rebellion, known to his followers as the George Washington of his country.

• Leopold II - King of Belgium 1865-1909, established a regime in the Congo Free State using forced labor and extreme violence to induce inhabitants to collect rubber quotas set by the state.

Ram Mohan Roy - A Bengali intellectual known as “the father of modern India” argued for constructing a society based on both modern European values and the Indian tradition of devo