PAL Notes

Prayle

Religious rulers/friars during the Spanish era.

Pueblo System

Resettlement policy to Christianize the population.

Bulto

Religious statues/sculptures.

Doctrine Christiana

First book printed in the Philippines; manual for confession and grammar.

Unang Tula

First printed Tagalog poem, titled 'May Bagyo Ma't May Rilim'.

Ladinos

Bilingual individuals fluent in both Tagalog and Spanish.

Gaspar Aquino de Belen

Author of the first Tagalog Pasyon, 'Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christo'.

Francisco Balagtas

Writer of the famous Tagalog metrical romance, 'Florante at Laura'.

Modesto de Castro

Author of 'Urbana at Feliza', a conduct book written in epistolary form.

Jose Rizal

Author of key nationalist novels 'Noli Me Tangere' and 'El Filibusterismo'.

Andres Bonifacio

Author of 'Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog', a manifesto on oppression.

Pedro Paterno

Author of 'Ninay', the first Filipino novel written.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Author of 'Dasalan at Tocsohan', criticizing friars.

'White Man's Burden'

American justification/responsibility to 'civilize' the Philippines.

Philippine Exposition (1904)

Displayed indigenous Filipinos in human zoos.

Pensionado Program

Sponsored Filipino scholars sent to study in the U.S.

Sedition Law (1901)

Banned advocacy for Philippine independence.

Brigandage Act (1903)

Classified guerrillas/rebels as bandits.

Flag Law (1907)

Banned the display of the Philippine flag and Katipunan banners.

Macario Sakay

Revolutionary general known as 'Last Man Standing' against American rule.

Aurelio Tolentino

Nationalist playwright and Katipunero known for 'Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas'.

Jose Garcia Villa

Promoted 'Art for Art's Sake', focusing on aesthetic formalism.

Severino Reyes

Author of 'Walang Sugat', a patriotic zarzuela.

Paz Marquez Benitez

Author of 'Dead Stars', considered the first modern Philippine short story in English.

Tagalog

A major regional language of Luzon, not a dialect.

Filipino

The national language built upon Tagalog and enriched by regional languages.

Espiridiona Bonifacio

Younger sibling/child of the Bonifacio family, documented by Dr. Will Ortiz.

Historiography Notes

Insights on how historical experiences of men and women differed.