PAL Notes

Part 1: Panahon ng Kastila (Spanish Period)

Key Concepts & Terms

  • Prayle: Religious rulers/friars during the Spanish era (also noted: Negosyante).

  • Pueblo System: Resettlement policy to Christianize the population (Christianize).

  • Bulto: Religious statues/sculptures (Santuario/Saints).

Important Works & Authors

  • Doctrine Christiana (1593):

    • First book printed in the Philippines.

    • Manual for confession (Manual sa Pangungumpisal), grammar (Gramatica), published by Jesuits (Hesuita).

  • Unang Tula:

    • May Bagyo Ma't May Rilim (1605) – First printed Tagalog poem.

  • Ladinos: Bilingual individuals fluent in both Tagalog and Spanish.

    • Pedro Bucaneg: Ilocano writer; known for Biag ni Lam-ang.

    • Tomas Pinpin: "Prince of Tagalog Printers" (Ama ng Limbag na Tagalog); wrote Librong Pagaaralan ng mga Tagalog ng Uicang Castila.

  • Gaspar Aquino de Belen:

    • Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christo (1704): The first Tagalog Pasyon (narrative poem on the Passion of Christ).

  • Francisco Balagtas:

    • Florante at Laura – Famous Tagalog metrical romance.

  • Modesto de Castro:

    • Urbana at Feliza – Conduct book written in epistolary form (GMRC/Gawaing Sa Bahay).

Pagtatag ng Ilustrados (Propaganda Movement)

  • Jose Rizal:

    • Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo – Key nationalist novels.

    • Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga-Malolos – Essay addressed to the young women of Malolos.

    • Ang Huling Paalam (Mi Último Adiós).

    • Anatomi / Ambeth Ocampo references.

  • Andres Bonifacio:

    • Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog – Manifesto urging Filipinos to realize Spanish oppression.

    • Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.

  • Pedro Paterno:

    • Ninay (1885) – The first Filipino novel written.

  • Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel):

    • Dasalan at Tocsohan – Satirical work criticizing friars (Satirikal na atake).

    • Caiingat Cayo, La Solidaridad.

  • Katipunan Period:

    • Emilio Jacinto: Liwanag at Dilim, Kartilya ng Katipunan.

Part 2: Panahon ng Amerikano (American Period)

Historical Laws & Concepts

  • "White Man's Burden": The American justification/responsibility to "civilize" the Philippines.

  • Philippine Exposition (1904 St. Louis World's Fair): Displayed indigenous Filipinos in human zoos.

  • Pensionado Program: Sponsored Filipino scholars sent to study in the U.S.

  • Repressive Colonial Laws:

    • Sedition Law (1901): Banned advocacy for Philippine independence.

    • Brigandage Act (1903): Classified guerrillas/rebels as bandits (tulisan).

    • Flag Law (1907): Banned the display of the Philippine flag and Katipunan banners.

Prominent Figures, Literature & Media

  • Macario Sakay: Revolutionary general known as "Last Man Standing" against American rule.

  • Aurelio Tolentino: Nationalist playwright and Katipunero (Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas).

  • Salvador P. Lopez: Promoted "Art for Society's Sake" (socially committed literature).

  • Jose Garcia Villa: Promoted "Art for Art's Sake" (aesthetic formalism).

  • Greta Garbo / Monina Vargas: Cultural reference in literature (wants to change herself to look like Greta Garbo).

  • Movie Reference: Ako si Batch '81 (directed by Mike De Leon).

Newspapers, Periodicals & Language

Diyaryo / Tabloids:

  1. La Solidaridad (Propaganda Movement)

  2. Kalayaan (Katipunan)

  3. Sakdal (Anti-American newspaper/movement)

Magazines:

  • Liwayway (1922): First major popular Tagalog magazine.

  • Bannawag: Key Ilocano literary magazine.

Notable Writers & Works:

  • Severino Reyes ("Lola Basyang"): Walang Sugat (1902) – Patriotic zarzuela.

  • Paz Marquez Benitez: Dead Stars (1925) – Considered the first modern Philippine short story in English.

Language Clarifications

  • Tagalog: A major regional language of Luzon (rehiyonal na wika, not a dialect).

  • Filipino: The national language built upon Tagalog and enriched by other regional languages (Cebuano, Ilocano, etc.).

  • Dialect: A local, regional variation of a single language (particular use of wika).

Part 3: Historical Research Notes (Bonifacio & Historiography)

  • Espiridiona "Nonay" Bonifacio:

    • Younger sibling/child of the Bonifacio family.

    • Written about by Dr. Will Ortiz (Nag-tala ng dokumento ng aral at saya).

  • Zyde / Historiography Notes:

    • KD Huang Co / Rebu Luayon / Nonay: References to historiographical interviews and primary source documentation.

    • Key Historical Insight: Most of the historians interviewed men →\rightarrow Led to the idea that women & men had different/unequal coverage in historical experience.