Studied by 2 people
Abolitionism
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, gained followers in the 18th century.
Adam Smith
One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment.
agricultural revolution
resulted in increased productivity. (just before the industrial revolution, in the early 1700s)
Alexander Graham Bell
issued a patent for the telephone
anti-Semitism
hostility toward Jews, and pogroms—violent attacks against Jewish security was not a realistic hope.
assembly line
Henry Ford expanded the concept of the division of labor, developing the moving……to manufacture his Model T automobiles.
automatic loom
a carpenter founded a company in 1906 called Toyoda Loom Works that made this.
Baron Montesquieu
Of particular importance to writers of the new constitutions in France and America in the 18th and 19th centuries were the ideas of this person. His famous work The Spirit of Laws (1748) praised the British government’s use of check on power because it has a Parliament. He influenced the American system.
Bastille
A former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy.
Bessemer process
Bourgeoisie
included the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods.
Bushido
their code of conduct, was now a personal matter, no longer officially condoned by the government. (for japan)
Capital
money available to invest in businesses. Driving force domestically and abroad.
Capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit.
Cecil Rhodes
British-born. Founder of De Beers Diamonds, was an especially enthusiastic investor in a railroad project that was to stretch from Cape Town, in modern-day South Africa, to Cairo, Egypt. Connecting all of the British held colonies with a transportation network could make governance easier and aid in conducting a war, if necessary.
Charles Fourier
identified some 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired. Like their utopian socialists, Fourier believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities rather than the class struggle that was basic to the thinking of Karl Marx.
Charter Oath
One of the reforms by the Meiji state formally abolished feudalism in 1868 with this.
classical liberalism
a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches. In Britain they pursued changes in Parliament to reflect changing population patterns so that new industrial cities would have equal parliamentary representation.
Coal
James Watt provided an inexpensive way to harness this. He used this type of power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories.
coaling stations
critical points on trade routes, such as Cape Colony in South African and various islands in the Pacific, became important refueling points
Commodore Matthew Perry
In 1853 sailed into Yedo and Tokyo Bay, asking for trade privileges.
Communism
in which all class distinctions would end.
Communist Manifesto
a pamphlet that summarized their critique of capitalism.
company rule
British East India Company control over parts of the indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858— steep British tariffs led to the decline of India’s ability to mine and work metals.
Conservatism
is a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility,
Consumerism
A culture of ____ as well as of leisure developed among the working and middle class of society in Great Britain, and for some people, living standards rose.
Corporations
A sole proprietorship is a business owned by a single person, and a partnership is a small group of people who make all business decisions. Replaced the traditional system of a single entrepreneur engaging in high risk business endeavors with a system of larger companies, collectively engaging in lower risk efforts.
cottage industry
A system known as the putting-out system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.
crop rotation
rotating different crops in and out of a field each year
Declaration of Independence
On July 4, 1776, this expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The most permanent changes were enacted early in the Revolution—the abolition of feudalism and the adoption of the _______ a statement declaring basic human rights.
Deism
Some people adopted this, the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion. Compared the divinity to a watchmaker who makes a watch but does not interfere in its day-to-day workings.
division of labor
Whitney’s system directly led to this. Factory owners no longer had to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product.
Dreyfus Affair
Support for Zionism increased after a scandal in France known as this.
Eli Whitney
created a system of interchangeable parts.
Emperor Guanxu
One club, led by a civil servant named Kang Youwei, was able to meet with this guy.
Empiricism
The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments.
Empress Cixi
the emperor’s aunt and adopted mother and the most political figure in the country, this woman was conservative.
enclosure movement
the government fenced off the commons to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land.
Enlightenment
As empires expanded and trade routes led to more interactions, intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries such as Descartes began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values. These shifts were called the Enlightenment
The ideals of this movement, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination.
Fabian Society
formed in England (socialist groups in the 19th century). They were gradual socialists
factory system
A system of manufacturing by using large machineries established by Richard Arkwright.
Feminism
This period saw the emergence of the movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.
Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx’s wealthy supporter. Published a pamphlet.
Genros
Some samurai adjusted to the change by serving the government as this, or elder statesmen.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
led the Red Shirts military force. Was fighting farther south in the Kingdom of naples.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Cavour adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of this, who had been agitating for Italian resurgence.
Gugliemo Marconi
Radio developed after the experiments of an Italian physicist. (this guy).
Haiti
At the end of the 18th century, revolutionary forces were also at work in the rich French sugar and coffee colony of this place. On the western third of the island of St.Domingue, also known as Hispaniola.
Hatt-i Humayan
Ottoman Reform Edict, declaring equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity.
Henri de Saint-Simon
of France, believed that scientists and engineers working together with businesses, could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society.
Advocated for public works that would provide employment.
Proposed building for the Suez Canal in Egypt, a project that the French government later undertook and which opened in 1869.
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
A British owned bank opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking.
human capital
the workforce
Hundred Days Reform
Kang convinced the ruler to support a set of sweeping reforms known as this. The reforms included the abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.
Immigration
the constitution of 1853 specifically encouraged this, the movement of people into the country from other countries.
Industrialization
the increased mechanization of production, and the social changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences.
Industrial Revolution
new ideas, new technologies were reshaping societies. These technologies led to a dramatic change in society and economies.
interchangeable parts
for manufacturing firearms for the U.S. military.
Italian Peninsula
Count di Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, led the drive to unite the entire……under the only native dynasty, the House of Savoy.
James Hargreaves
Invented the spinning jenny
James Watt
made the steam engine. provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A contemporary of Voltaire. Expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke.
John Locke
author of Two Treatises of Government, 1960. (a philosopher)
John Stuart Mill
Some economists, clergy, and intellectuals criticized laissez-faire capitalism as inhumane to workers. One of these British philosophers = him.
Karl Marx
a German scholar and writer who argued for socialism. Not utopian
labor unions
organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract.
Laissez-faire
Smith generally advocated this, a French phrase for “leave alone.”
This approach meant that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.
Liberalism
classical liberalism, a belief in natural rights, constitutional gov, laissez faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.
liberté, égalité, et fraternité
(liberty, equality, and fraternity). A slogan in the French Revolution.
Liverpool
The enclosure movement was thus instrumental in a wave of demographic change—forcing small farmers to move from rural areas to urban areas such as Manchester and this.
Lola Rodríguez de Tió
A recognized poet during an era of little educational opportunity for women. Became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain’s exploitative rule of Puerto Rico.
Mahmud II
Sulan, reformed the Ottoman system. Abolished the corps of Janissaries,, which had opposed him, and developed a new artillery unit trained by Europeans.
Mamluks
formerly enslaved Turks who formed a military class, had ruled there for some 600 years.
Manchester
The enclosure movement was thus instrumental in a wave of demographic change—forcing small farmers to move from rural areas to urban areas such as this and liverpool.
Maroons
individuals who had already escaped slavery in Haiti.
mass production
made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than ever before.
means of production
the bourgeoisie owned this, such as machines, factories, mines, and land, they received most of the wealth produced.
Meiji Restoration
Many Japanese reformers argued that the country could not defend itself. They argued that the country should adopt enough Western technology and methods so it could protect its traditional culture. To do this, they overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor in 1868, an event known as this.
Mestizos
were born of European and Indian parents.
Millets
which were separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws.
Monopoly
control of a specific business and elimination of all competition,
Muhammad Ali
Albanian Ottoman officer. He rose to prominence, and local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt.
Mulattos
At the bottom of the social ladder were the enslaved Africans, the indigenous population, and these people, those of African and either European or indigenous ancestry.
Nationalism
an ideology that asserts that a nation is formed by a group of people with a common identity, language, history, and set of customs.
Oil
one of the vast natural resources of the United States.
Ottomanism
a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state.
Otto Von Bismarck
Prussian leader. Who like Cavour favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification.
Peninsulares
felt superior to everyone. Colonists who were born in Spain or Portugal.
Philosophes
new group of thinkers and writers called this who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways.
Proletariat
was essentially the working class, working in factories and mines, often for little compensation.
Propaganda Movement
it did not call for revolution or independence. A serious military upheaval, the Philippine Revolution.
raw materials
Britain was well placed to import these and export finished goods.
Realpolitik
Cavour also believed in the practical politics of reality, which came to be called this.
Reign of Terror
a period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen, sprang from the Jacobins.
Richard Arkwright
patented the water frame, used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel.
Risorgimento
Italian resurgence.
Robert Owen
was born in Great Britain. He established intentional communities — small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism in New Lanark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana. He believes in education for children who work, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time.
Seaways
Located on the Atlantic Ocean with its many….the country was well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods.
second industrial revolution
The U.S., Great Britain, and Germany were key players in this thing. It occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
seed drill
a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground.
