Unit 5 Vocabulary List

Abolitionism

the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, gained followers in the 18th century.

Adam Smith

One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment.

agricultural revolution

resulted in increased productivity. (just before the industrial revolution, in the early 1700s)

Alexander Graham Bell

issued a patent for the telephone

anti-Semitism

hostility toward Jews, and pogroms—violent attacks against Jewish security was not a realistic hope.

assembly line

Henry Ford expanded the concept of the division of labor, developing the moving……to manufacture his Model T automobiles.

automatic loom

a carpenter founded a company in 1906 called Toyoda Loom Works that made this.

Baron Montesquieu

Of particular importance to writers of the new constitutions in France and America in the 18th and 19th centuries were the ideas of this person. His famous work The Spirit of Laws (1748) praised the British government’s use of check on power because it has a Parliament. He influenced the American system.

Bastille

A former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy.

Bessemer process

Bourgeoisie

included the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods.

Bushido

their code of conduct, was now a personal matter, no longer officially condoned by the government. (for japan)

Capital

money available to invest in businesses. Driving force domestically and abroad.

Capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit.

Cecil Rhodes

British-born. Founder of De Beers Diamonds, was an especially enthusiastic investor in a railroad project that was to stretch from Cape Town, in modern-day South Africa, to Cairo, Egypt. Connecting all of the British held colonies with a transportation network could make governance easier and aid in conducting a war, if necessary.

Charles Fourier

identified some 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired. Like their utopian socialists, Fourier believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities rather than the class struggle that was basic to the thinking of Karl Marx.

Charter Oath

One of the reforms by the Meiji state formally abolished feudalism in 1868 with this.

classical liberalism

a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches. In Britain they pursued changes in Parliament to reflect changing population patterns so that new industrial cities would have equal parliamentary representation.

Coal

James Watt provided an inexpensive way to harness this. He used this type of power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories.

coaling stations

critical points on trade routes, such as Cape Colony in South African and various islands in the Pacific, became important refueling points

Commodore Matthew Perry

In 1853 sailed into Yedo and Tokyo Bay, asking for trade privileges.

Communism

in which all class distinctions would end.

Communist Manifesto

a pamphlet that summarized their critique of capitalism.

company rule

British East India Company control over parts of the indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858— steep British tariffs led to the decline of India’s ability to mine and work metals.

Conservatism

is a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility,

Consumerism

A culture of ____ as well as of leisure developed among the working and middle class of society in Great Britain, and for some people, living standards rose.

Corporations

A sole proprietorship is a business owned by a single person, and a partnership is a small group of people who make all business decisions. Replaced the traditional system of a single entrepreneur engaging in high risk business endeavors with a system of larger companies, collectively engaging in lower risk efforts.

cottage industry

A system known as the putting-out system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.

crop rotation

rotating different crops in and out of a field each year

Declaration of Independence

On July 4, 1776, this expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

The most permanent changes were enacted early in the Revolution—the abolition of feudalism and the adoption of  the _______ a statement declaring basic human rights.

Deism

Some people adopted this, the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion. Compared the divinity to a watchmaker who makes a watch but does not interfere in its day-to-day workings.

division of labor

Whitney’s system directly led to this. Factory owners no longer had to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product.

Dreyfus Affair

Support for Zionism increased after a scandal in France known as this.

Eli Whitney

created a system of interchangeable parts.

Emperor Guanxu

One club, led by a civil servant named Kang Youwei, was able to meet with this guy.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments.

Empress Cixi

the emperor’s aunt and adopted mother and the most political figure in the country, this woman was conservative.

enclosure movement

the government fenced off the commons to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land.

Enlightenment

As empires expanded and trade routes led to more interactions, intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries such as Descartes began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values. These shifts were called the Enlightenment

The ideals of this movement, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination.

Fabian Society

formed in England (socialist groups in the 19th century). They were gradual socialists

factory system

A system of manufacturing by using large machineries established by Richard Arkwright.

Feminism

This period saw the emergence of the movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.

Friedrich Engels

Karl Marx’s wealthy supporter. Published a pamphlet.

Genros

Some samurai adjusted to the change by serving the government as this, or elder statesmen.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

led the Red Shirts military force. Was fighting farther south in the Kingdom of naples.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Cavour adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of this, who had been agitating for Italian resurgence.

Gugliemo Marconi

Radio developed after the experiments of an Italian physicist. (this guy).

Haiti

At the end of the 18th century, revolutionary forces were also at work in the rich French sugar and coffee colony of this place. On the western third of the island of St.Domingue, also known as Hispaniola.

Hatt-i Humayan

Ottoman Reform Edict, declaring equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity.

Henri de Saint-Simon

of France, believed that scientists and engineers working together with businesses, could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society.

Advocated for public works that would provide employment.

Proposed building for the Suez Canal in Egypt, a project that the French government later undertook and which opened in 1869.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

A British owned bank opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking.

human capital

the workforce

Hundred Days Reform

Kang convinced the ruler to support a set of sweeping reforms known as this. The reforms included the abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.

Immigration

the constitution of 1853 specifically encouraged this, the movement of people into the country from other countries.

Industrialization

the increased mechanization of production, and the social changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences.

Industrial Revolution

new ideas, new technologies were reshaping societies. These technologies led to a dramatic change in society and economies.

interchangeable parts

for manufacturing firearms for the U.S. military.

Italian Peninsula

Count di Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, led the drive to unite the entire……under the only native dynasty, the House of Savoy.

James Hargreaves

Invented the spinning jenny

James Watt

made the steam engine. provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A contemporary of Voltaire. Expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke.

John Locke

author of Two Treatises of Government, 1960. (a philosopher)

John Stuart Mill

Some economists, clergy, and intellectuals criticized laissez-faire capitalism as inhumane to workers. One of these British philosophers = him.

Karl Marx

a German scholar and writer who argued for socialism. Not utopian

labor unions

organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract.

Laissez-faire

Smith generally advocated this, a French phrase for “leave alone.”

This approach meant that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.

Liberalism

classical liberalism, a belief in natural rights, constitutional gov, laissez faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.

liberté, égalité, et fraternité

(liberty, equality, and fraternity). A slogan in the French Revolution.

Liverpool

The enclosure movement was thus instrumental in a wave of demographic change—forcing small farmers to move from rural areas to urban areas such as Manchester and this.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

A recognized poet during an era of little educational opportunity for women. Became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain’s exploitative rule of Puerto Rico.

Mahmud II

Sulan, reformed the Ottoman system. Abolished the corps of Janissaries,, which had opposed him, and developed a new artillery unit trained by Europeans.

Mamluks

formerly enslaved Turks who formed a military class, had ruled there for some 600 years.

Manchester

The enclosure movement was thus instrumental in a wave of demographic change—forcing small farmers to move from rural areas to urban areas such as this and liverpool.

Maroons

individuals who had already escaped slavery in Haiti.

mass production

made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than ever before.

means of production

the bourgeoisie owned this, such as machines, factories, mines, and land, they received most of the wealth produced.

Meiji Restoration

Many Japanese reformers argued that the country could not defend itself. They argued that the country should adopt enough Western technology and methods so it could protect its traditional culture. To do this, they overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor in 1868, an event known as this.

Mestizos

were born of European and Indian parents.

Millets

which were separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws.

Monopoly

control of a specific business and elimination of all competition,

Muhammad Ali

Albanian Ottoman officer. He rose to prominence, and local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt.

Mulattos

At the bottom of the social ladder were the enslaved Africans, the indigenous population, and these people, those of African and either European or indigenous ancestry.

Nationalism

an ideology that asserts that a nation is formed by a group of people with a common identity, language, history, and set of customs.

Oil

one of the vast natural resources of the United States.

Ottomanism

a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state.

Otto Von Bismarck

Prussian leader. Who like Cavour favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification.

Peninsulares

felt superior to everyone. Colonists who were born in Spain or Portugal.

Philosophes

new group of thinkers and writers called this who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways.

Proletariat

was essentially the working class, working in factories and mines, often for little compensation.

Propaganda Movement

it did not call for revolution or independence. A serious military upheaval, the Philippine Revolution.

raw materials

Britain was well placed to import these and export finished goods.

Realpolitik

Cavour also believed in the practical politics of reality, which came to be called this.

Reign of Terror

a period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen, sprang from the Jacobins.

Richard Arkwright

patented the water frame, used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel.

Risorgimento

Italian resurgence.

Robert Owen

was born in Great Britain. He established intentional communities — small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism in New Lanark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana. He believes in education for children who work, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time.

Seaways

Located on the Atlantic Ocean with its many….the country was well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods.

second industrial revolution

The U.S., Great Britain, and Germany were key players in this thing. It occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

seed drill

a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground.