BSCI201 Lab Practical 2

Functions of Skeletal System

1. Internal Framework

2. Movement

3. Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

4. Storage of lipids and minerals (calcium and phosphate)

Classification of Bones

1. Texture → compact or spongy

2. Gross Anatomy → long, short, flat, irregular

Gross Anatomy of Long Bones

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

Axial vs Appendicular Skeleton

1. Axial Skeleton → forms longitudinal axis of the body

   • includes bones of the head, neck, and trunk

   • protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs

2. Appendicular Skeleton → enables mobility

   • includes bones of the limbs and their girdles

Axial Skeleton

• Skull: cranial and facial bones

• Auditory ossicles: middle ear bones

• Hyoid Bone: point of attachment of the tongue and many neck muscles

• Vertebral Column: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae; intervertebral discs, sacrum, coccyx

• Bony Thorax: 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, costal cartilage

Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral Girdle: clavicle and scapula

• Upper Extremities: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

• Pelvic Girdle: coxal bones

• Lower Extremities: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Bone Markings: Projections

1. Sites of muscle and ligament attachment

   • Tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process

2. Help form joints

   • Head, facet, condyle, ramus

Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings

1. For passage of vessels and nerves

   • Fissure, foramen, notch, and groove

2. Other depressions and openings

   • Meatus, sinus, fossa

General Cartilage Characteristics

Locations of Cartilage