APUSH Periods 1 and 2

Why 1491 - 1607 was chosen as the dates for period 1

1491 is one year prior to the arrival of Columbus and the Europeans, and 1607 is the year England established a permanent settlement at Jamestown

Great Plains and Great Basin

Located in the central/western portion of the US; a lack of natural resources led Natives to live a nomadic lifestyle in these regions

Role of the Spanish and Portuguese traders

Settled heavily in South America, reached West Africa and contributed to the development of the African Slave Trade

European goods that transformed Native life

Horses - improved hunting and warfare for Natives (especially in the Great Plains and Basin), weapons and alcohol helped increase the destructiveness of warfare

Maize

Corn; Cultivated in present-day Mexico and spread to the SW portion of the US. Native American societies were built around maize

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and people between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Each region was significantly impacted as a result of trade and contact

Enconmienda System

Spanish system granting land to colonists in the new world. Exploited natives and resources. Eventually, Natives were replaced with African slave labor

American goods that transformed European life

Maize, potatoes, and other crops - helped increase European population and the shift from feudalism to capitalism

Technologies that allowed for increased trade and contact

Sextant - helped determine longitude and latitude

Examples of Africans seeking to preserve autonomy

Autonomy means independent or to have some form of self-government. Africans ran away and formed maroon communities, and combined elements of Christianity and African religions

How did Europeans justify the subjugation of Africans and Natives?

Why 1607 - 1754 was chosen as the dates for period 2

1607 = 1st English permanent settlement in Jamestown; 1754 = start of the 7 Years War

Characteristics of Spanish colonization

Sought tight control over the colonies and focused on converting and exploiting the Natives. (Think 3 Gs)

Characteristics of French and Dutch colonization

Fewer inhabitants than other countries; focused on trade, alliances, and intermarriage with Native Americans. Heavy focus on furs (beaver)

Characteristics of English colonization

Colonies were based on agriculture; large number of men and women inhabited the colonies; relatively hostile relations with Native Americans

Reasons for the emergence of the Atlantic Slave Trade

Large amount of land for farming; shortage of indentured servants (Post-1676 Bacon's Rebellion); hard to enslave Natives (diseases); European demand for goods (tobacco)

Ways Africans resisted slavery

Overt and covert methods such as: rebellion (although not often), sabotaging equipment, and running away

Characteristics of New England colonies

Founded primarily by Puritans, that wanted a group of like-minded individuals; close-knit, longer life expectancies; mixed economy of farming and trade

Characteristics of middle colonies

Religiously, ethnically, and demographically diverse of all the colonies. (Think Quakers - religiously tolerant.) Economy was based on grains

Characteristics of Southern colonies

Chesapeake (MD and VA) and North Carolina was based on tobacco - relied on indentured servants early on, later replaced by African slaves

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Anglicization of the British colonies

Process of colonies acting "British"; was influenced by political communities based on English models, commercial ties, trans-Atlantic print culture, religious toleration, and spread of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment

Time period focused on reason and promoting new forms of government (Locke, Montesquieu); influenced the American Revolution

Mercantilism

Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver