Unit 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND SOCIETY IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

Transportation

Significant for exploration and trade; navigation helped people travel for food, settlements, and trading.

Communication

Essential for trading and preventing conflicts; helped establish identities when interacting with other cultures.

Weapons and Armors

Development for security and protection; enabled the establishment of alliances with other tribes.

Engineering

Allowed construction of structures to meet specific needs; some ancient structures still exist today.

Architecture

Elaborate designs indicated technological advancement; became a status symbol among nations.

Sumeria

Located in ancient Mesopotamia; known for cooperation and a desire for advancement.

Cuneiform

The first writing system using word pictures and triangular symbols; enabled record-keeping of historical events.

City of Uruk

Considered the first true city, built with mud and clay.

Ziggurat of Ur

A sacred place for their chief god, built similarly to Uruk.

Irrigation and Dikes

Created to manage water for farming, increasing food production.

Sailboats

Main mode of transportation before the wheel was invented; essential for trade and transportation.

Wheel

Initially used for farm work, later for transportation; enabled mass production.

The Plow

Transitioned humans from gatherers to cultivators; made farming more efficient.

Roads

made for easier travel, using sun-baked bricks and bitumen.

Babylonian Civilization

Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; known for great engineering and architecture, including the Hanging Gardens.

Egyptian Civilization

Contributed essential technologies beyond engineering.

Paper or Papyrus

Made from a plant along the Nile, lighter than clay tablets; allowed for easier correspondence.

Hieroglyphics

A system of writing using symbols, believed to be divine; records were well-preserved on pyramids and structures.

Kohl

Used for health and aesthetics, made from soot and minerals.

Wigs

Protected the heads of wealthy Egyptians from the sun.

Water Clock (Clepsydra)

Utilized gravity to measure time through water flow.

Greek Civilization

Known as the birthplace of western philosophy and mathematics.

Alarm Clock

Used to signal when to start or stop activities.

Water Mill

Improved agricultural processes, more efficient than animal-powered mills.

Roman Civilization

The Roman Empire was a strong political and social entity.

Newspaper

First gazettes contained announcements, engraved on metal or stone.

Bound Books (Codex)

Julius Caesar initiated the tradition of stacking papyrus to form pages.

Roman Culture

Architecture was a continuation of Greek styles, focusing on sturdiness.

Roman Numerals

Developed their own number system for counting and record-keeping.

Standard Counting Method

Addressed the need for a standard counting method, aimed to meet increasing communication and trade concerns.

Chinese Civilization Overview

Considered the oldest civilization in Asia; also known as the Middle Kingdom, famous for its silk trade.

Silk

Connected Far East China to the world; produced by silkworms.

Tea Production

Beverage made by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.

Great Wall of China

Largest and most extensive infrastructure built by the nation.

Gunpowder

Developed by Chinese alchemists aiming for immortality; created a deadly substance used in weapons.

Medieval / Middle Age

Start marked by massive invasions and migrations; great technology needed in weaponry, navigation, mass food production, and health.

Printing Press

Developed after Chinese woodblock printing; invented by Johann Gutenberg to make works accessible.

Microscope

Developed to investigate proper medicines for illnesses; key in discovering new means in medicine.

Telescope

Increased need for nautical inventions during the Age of Exploration.

War Weapons

Development of crossbows and longbows for long-range attacks; soldiers needed body armor for protection.

Pasteurization

Invented by Louis Pasteur; a process to kill harmful bacteria in dairy products.

Petroleum Refinery

Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum, initially known as 'illuminating oil'.

Telephone

Developed by Alexander Graham Bell; one of the most important inventions of the time.

Calculator

Creation of ? led to more complex processing machines like computers.

Tricycle

Salamander, an amphibious tricycle invented by H20 Technologies, can cross flooded streets and rivers.

Salt Lamp

Invented by Aisa Mijeno; utilizes saltwater for a lighting system.

Medical Incubator

Devised by Dr. Fe del Mundo from indigenous materials that did not require electricity.

Trap System Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal

Introduced by DOST-ITDI in 2010; made of natural ingredients lethal to mosquitoes but safe for humans.

Ejeepney

? developed to counter diesel-powered jeepneys; environmentally friendly.