Unit 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND SOCIETY IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

ANCIENT TIMES

Transportation

• Significant for exploration and trade.

• Navigation helped people travel for food, settlements, and trading

Communication

• Essential for trading and preventing conflicts

• Helped establish identities when interacting with other cultures.

Weapons and Armors

• Development for security and protection.

• Enabled the establishment of alliances with other tribes.

Engineering

• Allowed construction of structures to meet specific needs.

• Some ancient structures still exist today

Architecture

• Elaborate designs indicated technological advancement.

• Architecture became a status symbol among nations.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Sumeria

• Located in ancient Mesopotamia.

• Known for cooperation and a desire for advancement.

Cuneiform

• The first writing system using word pictures and triangular symbols.

• Enabled record-keeping of historical events.

City of Uruk

• Considered the first true city, built with mud and clay.

Ziggurat of Ur

• A sacred place for their chief god, built similarly to Uruk.

Irrigation and Dikes

• Created to manage water for farming, increasing food production.

Sailboats

• Main mode of transportation before the wheel was invented.

• Essential for trade and transportation

Wheel

• Initially used for farm work, later for transportation.

• Enabled mass production.

The Plow

• Transitioned humans from gatherers to cultivators.

• Made farming more efficient.

Roads

• First roads made for easier travel, using sun-baked bricks and bitumen

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

• Known for great engineering and architecture,including the Hanging Gardens.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

• Contributed essential technologies beyond engineering.

Paper or Papyrus

• Made from a plant along the Nile, lighter than clay tablets.

• Allowed for easier correspondence.

Hieroglyphics

• A system of writing using symbols, believed to be divine.

• Records were well- preserved on pyramids and structures.

Cosmetics

Kohl:

Used for health and aesthetics, made from soot and minerals.

Wigs:

Protected the heads of wealthy Egyptians from the sun.

Water Clock (Clepsydra)

• Utilized gravity to measure time through water flow.

GREEK CIVILIZATION

• Known as the birthplace of western philosophy and mathematics.

Alarm Clock

• Used to signal when to start or stop activities.

Water Mill

• Improved agricultural processes, more efficient than animal-powered mills.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

• The Roman Empire was a strong political and social entity.

Newspaper

• First gazettes contained announcements, engraved on metal or stone.

Bound Books (Codex)

• Julius Caesar initiated the tradition of stacking papyrus to form pages

Roman Culture

• Architecture was a continuation of Greek styles, focusing on sturdiness. Roman Numerals

• Developed their own number system for counting and record-keeping.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION

Standard Counting Method

• Addressed the need for a standard counting method

• Aimed to meet increasing communication and trade concerns.

Chinese Civilization Overview

• Considered the oldest civilization in Asia.

• Also known as the Middle Kingdom.

• Famous for its silk trade.

Silk

• Connected Far East China to the world.

• Produced by silkworms

• Chinese developed technology to harvest silk and process it for paper and clothing

Tea Production

• Beverage made by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.

• An unknown Chinese inventor created a machine to shred tea leaves into strips.

• China became known for its tea exports alongside silk products.

Great Wall of China

• Largest and most extensive infrastructure built by the nation.

• Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials.

Gunpowder

• One of the most interesting inventions in China.

• Developed by Chinese alchemists aiming for immortality, but instead created a deadly substance.

• Gunpowder-propelled weapons favored by raiders for longdistance attacks.

MEDIEVAL / MIDDLE AGE

Overview

• Start marked by massive invasions and migrations.

• Great technology needed in weaponry, navigation, mass food production, and health. • Later part saw increased population, trade, and commerce among nations.

Printing Press

• Developed after Chinese woodblock printing

• Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press using wooden machines.

• Made works accessible to individuals.

Microscope

• Developed to investigate proper medicines for illnesses.

• Zacharias Janssen created the first compound microscope

• Key in discovering new means in medicine.

Telescope

• Age of Exploration increased the need for nautical inventions.

• Ship captains required tools to navigate and avoid sea dangers.

War Weapons

• Development of crossbows and longbows for long -range attacks.

• Soldiers needed body armor for protection in close combat.

MODERN TIMES

19th Century ⁃ Despite industrial development, modern times face more complicated problems

Pasteurization

• Invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist

• Process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria,

‣ Allowed milk to be stored longer and prevented illnesses.

Petroleum Refinery

• Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum

• Kerosene was initially known as "iluminating oil" for lighting homes.

Telephone

• Developed by Alexander Graham Bell.

• One of the most important inventions of the time.

Calculator

• Modern times required faster computation for complex equations.

• Creation of calculators led to more complex processing machines like computers.

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

Tricycle

*Salamander, an amphibious tricycle, invented by H20 Technologies.

• Can cross flooded streets and rivers.

Salt Lamp

• Invented by Aisa Mijeno, a young Filipina.

• Utilizes saltwater for a lighting system.

Medical Incubator

• Dr. Fe del Mundo devised a medical incubator from indigenous materials

• Did not require electricity.

Trap System Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal

• Introduced by DOST-ITDI in 2010.

• Made of natural ingredients lethal to mosquitoes but safe for humans and the environment.

Ejeepney

• Electric jeepney developed to counter diesel-powered jeepneys.

• Environmentally friendly as it does not emit smoke or noise,