Exam 3 quiz

What effect does eating while drinking alcohol have on its absorption?

Eating decreases its absorption by increasing enzymatic breakdown.

What is the first step in alcohol metabolism?

The conversion to acetaldehyde.

Which of the following is NOT a chronic cellular effect of alcohol?

Increased dopamine cell firing.

What role does alcohol play at GABA receptors and glutamate receptors?

Alcohol is an agonist at GABA receptors, and an antagonist at glutamate receptors.

What effect does alcohol have on dopamine transmission in the mesolimbic tract?

Alcohol increases dopamine transmission and increases endogenous opioid synthesis and release.

What causes Korsakoff's syndrome?

Damage to the thalamus from chronic vitamin B1 deficiency.

What is a consequence of oral administration of marijuana compared to smoking?

It results in a longer duration of action of the drug.

Which statement about CB1 cannabinoid receptors is false?

It is an ionotropic receptor.

What is the effect of THC and CBD on brain activation?

THC increases regional brain activation and blood flow, while CBD has the opposite effect.

What happens to CB1 receptors due to tolerance to cannabis?

There is a down-regulation of CB1 receptors.

What is matched to the amygdala with respect to THC effects?

Panic/paranoia.

What is matched to the hypothalamus regarding THC effects?

Increased appetite.

What are the acute effects of narcotic analgesics not including?

Diarrhea.

What common effect is observed with increasing opiate doses?

Euphoria.

Why are opiates dangerous at high doses?

Due to suppression of the brainstem’s respiratory center.

Which statement regarding endogenous opioids is false?

Endogenous opioids are never co-released with other neurotransmitters.

What is matched to Periaqueductal Gray under acute opioid effects?

Analgesia.

Which of the following is not a psychedelic drug?

5-HT.

What is the mechanism of action for psychedelic mushrooms?

Psilocybin is converted to psilocin, which is the psychoactive agent.

What contributes to the long length of an LSD 'trip'?

The drug is temporarily trapped in the binding pocket of the receptor.

How do PCP and ketamine act on postsynaptic cells?

They act as uncompetitive antagonists at the NMDA receptor.

What is the secondary consequence of NMDA receptor antagonism?

Increased presynaptic glutamate release.

What hypothesis was developed regarding schizophrenia and ketamine effects?

Hypoactivity of the glutamatergic system, particularly NMDA receptor signaling.

What does self-administration studies in animals indicate about PCP and ketamine?

Both are highly reinforcing for several species.

What change is observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia?

Disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells.

Which model integrates neurochemical and neuroanatomical findings about schizophrenia?

The neurodevelopmental model.

Which statement about glutamate and dopamine in schizophrenia is true?

Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to dopamine dysfunction.

What are the effects of antipsychotic drugs related to the mesolimbic pathway?

Effects on positive symptoms.

The effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs is primarily due to what mechanism?

Dopamine receptor antagonism.

What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression associated with?

Low levels of monoamines.

How do most antidepressants affect serotonin?

They increase serotonin by blocking reuptake through SERT.

Which of the following is NOT part of the neuropathology associated with depression?

Increased volume of the hippocampus.

What evidence supports serotonin dysfunction in depression?

5-HT receptor knockout mice have depression-like symptoms.

Are anxiety and fear the same emotion?

False.

True or False: Most anxiolytic medications work by reducing norepinephrine firing in the locus coeruleus.

True.

Which of the following is true regarding benzodiazepines?

All of the above are true.