Exam 3 quiz
Question 1
0 / 1 pts
Eating while drinking alcohol _______ its absorption by _______ enzymatic breakdown.
increases, decreasing
You Answered
decreases, decreasing
increases, increasing
Correct Answer
decreases, increasing
Eating has no effect on alcohol absorption
Question 2
1 / 1 pts
The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is its conversion to
formaldehyde.
Correct!
acetaldehyde.
acetic acid.
aldehyde dehydrogenase.
wine
Question 3
1 / 1 pts
Which of the following is NOT a chronic cellular effect of alcohol?
upregulation of glutamate receptors
Correct!
increased dopamine cell firing
decrease in GABA function
decrease in endorphin levels
All of the above ARE chronic cellular effects of alcohol
Question 4
1 / 1 pts
Alcohol is an _______ at GABA receptors, and an ________ at Glutamate receptors.
Correct!
Agonist, Antagonist
Agonist, Agonist
Antagonist, Agonist
Antagonist, Antagonist
Question 5
1 / 1 pts
Acutely, alcohol __________ dopamine transmission in the mesolimbic tract and __________ endogenous opioid synthesis and release
decreases, decreases
decreases, increases
Correct!
increases, increases
increases, decreases
increases, has no effect on
Question 6
1 / 1 pts
Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by
Fetal Alcohol syndrome
fatty liver disease
Correct!
damage to the thalamus from chronic vitamin B1 deficiency
Alcohol-withdrawal
All of the above can cause Korsakoff's syndrome
Question 7
1 / 1 pts
Oral administration of marijuana
results in a shorter duration of action of the drug than smoking.
yields low but consistent levels of drug in the body.
Correct!
results in a longer duration of action of the drug
is an easy way to regulate the amount of drug entering the body.
Question 8
1 / 1 pts
Which statement regarding CB1 cannabinoid receptors is false?
It is expressed in many brain regions
Correct!
It is an ionotropic receptor
It plays a role in the intoxicating effects of marijuana
Presynaptic CB1 receptors on nerve terminals have an inhibitory effect on transmitter release
Question 9
0 / 1 pts
_______ increases regional brain activation and blood flow in some brain regions, while _______ has the opposite effect.
Correct Answer
THC; CBD
You Answered
CBD; THC
Methylphenidate; hemp
Hemp; methylphenidate
Question 10
1 / 1 pts
The development of tolerance to cannabis
involves down-regulation of CB1 receptors
involves up-regulation of CB1 receptors
occurs in response to moderate cannabis use
occurs in response to heavy chronic cannabis use
Correct!
Both A and D
Question 11
5 / 5 pts
Match the Brain Region to the effect of THC
Correct!
Amygdala
panic/paranoia
Correct!
Basal Ganglia
slowed reaction time
Correct!
hypothalamus
increased appetite
Correct!
nucleus accumbens
euphoria
Correct!
hippocampus
impaired memory
Question 1
1 / 1 pts
All of the following are acute effects of the class of drugs called narcotic analgesics except
drowsiness
pain relief
Correct!
diarrhea
dulling of negative emotions
All of the above are acute opioid effects
Question 2
1 / 1 pts
One common effect of increasing opiate dose is
Correct!
euphoria.
elevated respiration rate
increased sex drive
increased awareness of one’s surroundings.
Both A and B
Question 3
1 / 1 pts
Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to
their effects on cardiac muscle.
the increased likelihood of a stroke.
Correct!
the suppression of the brainstem’s respiratory center.
an overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Opiates are safe at high doses
Question 4
1 / 1 pts
Which of the following is false regarding endogenous opioids and opioid receptors?
They stimulate neurotransmission in two ways
They block Ca2+ presynaptically
They open K+ channels postsynaptically
Endogenous opioids are never co-released with other neurotransmitters
Correct!
Both A and D are false
Question 5
4 / 4 pts
Match the brain region to the acute opioid effect
Correct!
Periaquiductal Gray
analgesia
Correct!
VTA/NAc
Euphoria
Correct!
Brain stem
respiratory depression
Correct!
amygdala/limbic system
dulling of negative emotions
Question 6
1 / 1 pts
Which of the following is not a psychedelic drug?
Mescaline
Correct!
5-HT
LSD
DMT
All of the above ARE psychedelic drugs
Question 7
1 / 1 pts
What is the mechanism of action psychedelic mushrooms?
Correct!
After ingestion, psilocybin is converted to psilocin, which is the psychoactive agent.
Mescaline is extracted from the mushrooms and consumed as a powder that contains the psychoactive agent.
β-carbolines in the mushrooms block DMT breakdown in the liver so the DMT reaches the brain and produces psychedelic effects.
The psychoactive substance, salvinorin A, is released when the mushrooms are eaten.
Question 8
1 / 1 pts
What is responsible for the unusually long length of an LSD “trip”?
The subjective feelings of the “trip” last long after the drug has worn off due to memory effects.
Correct!
After receptor binding, a lid-like structure formed from the receptor protein temporarily traps the drug in the binding pocket.
The receptor binding process slows down such that the drug effects last longer than usual.
The drug’s potency combined with its fast metabolism results in a long “trip.”
Question 9
1 / 1 pts
PCP and ketamine act on the postsynaptic cell by
blocking the NMDA receptor at the glutamate site.
stimulating the receptor where NMDA normally binds.
acting as a competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.
Correct!
acting as an uncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.
Question 10
1 / 1 pts
A secondary consequence of NMDA receptor antagonism is _______ presynaptic glutamate release, which may result from _______ of receptors on inhibitory GABAergic interneurons that innervate the cortical neurons.
decreased; blockade
decreased; opening
Correct!
increased; blockade
increased; opening
Question 11
1 / 1 pts
Which hypothesis was developed after it was shown that the effects of high doses of ketamine are similar to symptoms of schizophrenia?
Correct!
A major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the glutamatergic system, particularly NMDA receptor signaling.
A major factor in schizophrenia is 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation.
A major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the serotonergic system due to 5-HT inhibition.
A major factor in schizophrenia is decreased dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex.
All of the above
Question 12
1 / 1 pts
Self-administration studies in animals have shown that
Correct!
both PCP and ketamine are highly reinforcing for several species.
PCP and ketamine are not rewarding for the species tested.
the reward effects of PCP and ketamine are unique and not dependent upon dopamine.
PCP’s reward effects are dopamine-dependent, while ketamine’s effects are dopamine-independent.
Question 1
1 / 1 pts
A change observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia is
enlarged volume of the temporal lobe and limbic structures.
shrinkage of the ventricles.
increase in definition of selected cortical layers.
Correct!
disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells.
all of the above
Question 2
0 / 1 pts
Which model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroanatomical findings concerning the disorder?
The dopamine hypothesis
You Answered
The glutamate-dopamine model
The DA imbalance hypothesis
Correct Answer
The neurodevelopmental model
Question 3
0 / 1 pts
Which of the following is associated with the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia?
Cognitive functions are most affected by the excess activity in the disinhibited mesolimbic pathway.
Early damage to the indirect basal ganglia pathway results in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Correct Answer
High mesolimbic DA activity following mesocortical cell loss may explain the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
You Answered
The model attempts to identify the cause of the proposed early mesocortical cell loss.
Question 4
1 / 1 pts
Which statement about glutamate and DA in regard to symptoms associated with schizophrenia is true?
Overabundance of glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.
Correct!
Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.
NMDA receptors have indirect excitatory effects on of midbrain mesolimbic DA neurons that project to limbic regions.
Schizophrenic symptoms are due to increased DA function in mesocortical neurons along with reduced DA function in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.
Both C and D are true
Question 5
4 / 4 pts
Match the antipsychotic drug effect to the DA pathway it is related to
Correct!
effects on positive symptoms
mesolimbic pathway
Correct!
effects on cognitive and negative symptoms
mesocortical pathway
Correct!
motor side effects
nigrostriatal pathway
Correct!
neuroendocrine side effects
tuberohypophyseal pathway
Question 6
1 / 1 pts
The effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in reducing positive symptoms is due to:
blockage of many different receptor types.
anticholinergic action.
Correct!
dopamine receptor antagonism.
5-HT receptor antagonism
All of the above
Question 7
1 / 1 pts
Which of the following is true regarding the monoamine hypothesis of depression?
Correct!
Depression is associated with low levels of monoamines
Depression is associated with high levels of monoamines
The model explains depression perfectly
Lowering levels of monoamines always produces depression
increasing monoamine levels always alleviates depression
Question 8
1 / 1 pts
Most antidepressants ________ 5-HT by __________ reuptake through SERT.
increase, increasing
Correct!
increase, blocking
decrease, increasing
decrease, blocking
Question 9
1 / 1 pts
Which of the following is NOT part of the neuropathology associated with depression?
Correct!
Increased volume of the hippocampus
changes in blood flow in the frontal cortex
impaired HPA function
adverse impacts on neurogenesis and cell survival
All of the above are neuropathologies associated with depression
Question 10
1 / 1 pts
Which of the following is evidence of serotonin dysfunction in depression?
high leveles of serotonin metabolites are found in postmortem brains of depressed individuals
5-HT receptor knockout mice have depression-like symptoms
most antidepressant medications increase 5-HT
All of the above are evidence for 5-HT dysfunction in depression
Correct!
Both B and C
Question 11
1 / 1 pts
Anxiety and Fear are the same emotion
True
Correct!
False
Question 12
0 / 1 pts
Most anxiolytic medications work by reducing NE neuron firing in the LC.
Correct Answer
True
You Answered
False
Question 13
1 / 1 pts
Which of the following is true regarding Benzodiazepines?
They reduce anxiety in people with anxiety disorders
the bind to GABA receptors and enhance GABA function
People with panic disorder have less benzodiazepine binding than people without anxiety disorders
Correct!
All of the above are true