Physiology

Homeostasis

________:: dynamic steady state of the constituents in and properties of the internal fluid environment that surrounds and exchanges materials with cells.

Chemically ligand

________ gated channels:: specific molecule binds to a channel to open or close it.

Ohms

________ law:: the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance wrt membrane potential.

specificity

Carriers:: select what gets through based on binding ________.

Evolution

________ is:: an undercurrent of all biological concepts.

Efferent pathway

________:: carries a signal around (integrating center to effector), generates a response.

Pumps

________:: transport proteins use direct input energy to move substances against energetically favorable direction.

osmolarity values

Homeostasis /________ are:: always a ballpark /average value that fluctuates within and between individuals.

Negative feedback def

________:: the output of a process inhibits the process that created it.

Channels

________:: select what gets through a pore in the membrane based on size and charge.

Reflex definition

________:: simple, involuntary response to a stimulus.

Carrier protein

________:: transported substances bind to specialized sites and cause a change in conformation.

Tissue

________:: a collection of cells, usually held together by cell junctions, that work together to perform a specific function.

internal fluid

Regulated ________ properties:: pH, ion concentration, temperature, volume and pressure, water.

tissue

a collection of cells, usually held together by cell junctions, that work together to perform a specific function

organ

two or more tissues that function together

organ system

a group of functionally integrated organs

evolution is

an undercurrent of all biological concepts

diffusion versus bulk transport is a

scaling issue

bulk transport example

breathing air using a pump system, moving nutrients using the cardiovascular system

Ohms law

the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance wrt membrane potential

homeostasis

dynamic steady state of the constituents in and properties of the internal fluid environment that surrounds and exchanges materials with cells

negative feedback

stimulus> sensor> integrator> effector> stop stimulus

homeostasis/osmolarity values are

always a ballpark/average value that fluctuates within and between individuals

main fluid compartments

plasma, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

plasma and interstitial fluid

regulated internal fluid properties

pH, ion concentration, temperature, volume and pressure, water

diffusion happens between

circulatory system and all others

nutrients/products are transferred between

all body systems

negative feedback def

the output of a process inhibits the process that created it

positive feedback def

the output of a process stimulates the process that created it

feed-forward def

a process is up or down regulated in anticipation of an event

neg feedback example

thermostat, insulin

pos feedback example

birth (until end with negative feedback)

feed-forward example

smell food, stomach rumbles and prepares

reflex arc functions as

an involuntary negative feedback control system

reflex definition

simple, involuntary response to a stimulus

afferent pathway

carries signal away (sensory receptor to integrating center)

efferent pathway

carries a signal around (integrating center to effector), generates a response

Poll Everywhere

secondary active transport

Poll Everywhere

facilitated diffusion

Poll Everywhere

channel

chemically/ligand gated channels

specific molecule binds to a channel to open or close it

voltage gated channels

change in membrane potential opens and closes the channel

mechanically gated channel

deformation of the membrane opens and closes the channel

leak channel

always open

channels

select what gets through a pore in the membrane based on size and charge

carriers

select what gets through based on binding specificity

carrier protein

transported substances bind to specialized sites and cause a change in conformation

pumps are

primary active transport

primary active transport

direct input of energy via ATP

pumps

transport proteins use direct input energy to move substances against energetically favorable direction

secondary active transport

harnesses potential energy of an ion gradient to drive another substance in energetically unfavorable direction

secondary active transport example

electron transport chain

pump example

sodium-potassium pump

opening and closing channels changes

membrane permeability of the membrane to specific ions

cells expend energy on ion gradients because

they use the stored potential energy to do work

ICF and ECF generally

osmotic equilibrium/total amount of solute or volume of fluid is the same

extra negative ions in ICF and positive ions in ECF creates

membrane potential