The Plant Genome

Nucleus

The central organelle that holds the DNA for the cell and communicates it to the rest of the cell.

Euchromatin

The transcriptionally active form of chromatin, which is accessible for gene expression.

Heterochromatin

The condensed form of chromatin that is generally unavailable for transcription, comprising about 10% of the DNA in the nucleus.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The framework explaining the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Transcription

The process by which RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.

Gregor Mendel

The founder of genetics known for his studies on pea plants and the principles of heredity.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene that determine specific traits, such as flower color.

Dominant

An allele that expresses its trait over that of a recessive allele when both are present.

Recessive

An allele that is masked by a dominant allele and only expresses its trait when homozygous.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross between two pure-breeding homozygous parental lines that results in a 1:2:1 genotopic ratio and a 3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring.

Principle of Segregation

Mendel's principle stating that during meiosis, pairs of alleles segregate so that each gamete carries only one allele for each trait.

Mutations

Chance changes in a gene that can lead to new traits, occurring at a rate of 1 mutant gene per locus per 200,000 cell divisions.

Transposons

Elements of the genome known as 'jumping genes' that can move and duplicate independently, affecting genetic traits.

Gene-level Mutation

A mutation that involves changes in one or a few nucleotides in a gene.

Chromosome-level Mutation

A mutation that involves alterations at the chromosome level, including deletions, duplications, or translocations.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own sets of dna

True

What is the nucleus made of

nucleoporin proteins

proteins that are destined for the nucleus have a what on them that allows them access

localized signal/ amino acid tag

how is DNA organized step 1.

Double helix winds around histones and is connected with accessible linker DNA forming Nucleosomes

how DNA is organized step 2.

Nucleosomes are condensed into chromatin fiber

how DNA is organized step 3.

chromatin fibers form looped domains

how DNA is organized step 4

looped domains form condensed chromatin

how DNA is organized step 5

Sections of condensed chromatin form one little slot on a Chromatid

steps of the central dogma of molecular bio

1. transcription

2. processing

3. vesicle transportation

transcription

RNApoly finds the message in the genome and copies it by sitting on the strand and making the complementary base

processing

ribosomes attached to the rough ER send message to make polypeptides. Transfer RNAs are making the different components but the ribosomes are overseeing the process

every 3 base sequences code for

a specific protein/ chain of amino acids

vesicle transportation

the proteins are completed in the rough ER and slide into transport vesicles that are cut off from the main er and then go to where they are needed

Principle of Linkage 1905

if two genes are located close together on a chromosome they will not segregate independently during meiosis, Homologous recombination

Hugo de Vries 1901

discovered the idea of mutations while studying primroses

Barbara McClintock 1940s

characterized transposons: repetitive elements that duplicate and move independently in a eukaryotic genome