Gravity

Believed: Things “want” to go back to where they came from, heavier objects fall faster, and objects in space move in perfectly circular orbits

Aristotle

Performed the tests that disproved much of Aristoltes theories but didn’t do the math

Galileo

Comes up with the law of universal gravitation

Isaac Newton

The Law of Gravitation Formula

F = G × m¡ m(f) / r²

The big G in the Gravitation formula is…

The Universal Newtonian Gravitational Constant

F = G × m¡ m(f) / r² (What do the units stand for

F = force of gravity

G = universal newtonian gravitational constant

m(1) = mass of the first object

m(2) = mass of the second object

r = radius (distance between the 2 objects)

The Universal Newtonian Gravitational Constant (G) is based on … and is …

The force of gravity on two, 1 kg masses 1 meter apart and is: 6.67 × 10–¹¹ Nm² / kg²

The dominant force in the universe is…

Gravity

What is gravity?

Gravity always attracts

It never cancels out

And it causes everything to pull on everything else

Inverse Square Rule Formula

1/d² then times by weight

Do blackholes have powerful gravity?

yes..

Gravitational pull will never reach zero meaning … (ex

You cannot be truly weightless (elevator

In space, they are in a constant …

A constant state of free fall

Gravitational Field Effects can be explained by hypothetically…

Falling through a planet

If there was a hole or (cave) and you fell through…

You would appear to be “falling up” or flying up from the other side

Scientist: Large objects (planets, stars, etc.) put “dents” in 4 dimensional space and time and those objects simply move along the curvature

Einstein

What is the Gravitational Effects on Tides?

Tides are caused by the localized effect of gravity, by the moon (and to a lesser extent, the sun)

Sides in line with the moon (top / bottom) including the back of the Earth, experience a …. Tide

Experience a high tide

Sides at 90 degrees have a … tide

Low tide

High tides, on average:

Are 1m higher than normal

Low Tides, on average are

1m lower than normal

Because of the combination of the Earth’s rotation and the moons orbit, the moon is in the same location in the sky every

Every 24 hours and 50 min

Since the sun also had an effect on the tides, how much of an effect does it have in comparison to the moon

The sun has about half the effect that the moon has

When the sun, moon, and earth align:

Spring tide

When the Sun, Earth, and moon align perfectly on a full moon

Lunar eclipse

When the Sun, moon, and earth align perfectly on a new moon

Solar eclipse

When the Sun, earth, and moon are at o0 degrees it creates a … tide

A neap tide

Define Near Tide

High tides are lower, low tides are higher, every half moon

During a spring tide, the Earths crust will rise and fall as much as

¼ meter

The atmosphere flows because it is also a…

Fluid

During a spring tide (ex. Full moon) there are major changes in

Electrical fields

The changes in electrical fields from spring tides affect…

Behavior

Black Holes

Collapsed star

Life cycle of a star (1)

Converting hydrogen to helium

Life cycle of a star (2)

1. Converting hydrogen to helium

2. There is a thermonuclear fusion

Life cycle of a star (3)

1. Converting hydrogen to helium

2. There is a thermonuclear fusion

3. Runs out of fuel and swells, becoming a: Red Giant

Life cycle of a star (4 and last)

1. Converting hydrogen to helium

2. There is a thermonuclear fusion

3. Runs out of fuel and swells, becoming a: Red Giant

4. Collapses and becomes a: white dwarf

Life cycle of a longer star (continuation after 4 - white dwarf)

1. Converting hydrogen to helium

2. There is a thermonuclear fusion

3. Runs out of fuel and swells, becoming a: Red Giant

4. Collapses and becomes a: white dwarf

5. Makes the heavier elements past iron

6. Collapses, but explodes as a supernova

Life cycle of a very large star (continuation of a longer stats life cycle)

1. Converting hydrogen to helium

2. There is a thermonuclear fusion

3. Runs out of fuel and swells, becoming a: Red Giant

4. Collapses and becomes a: white dwarf

5. Makes the heavier elements past iron

6. Collapses, but explodes as a supernova

7. Collapses, but continues to collapse until it becomes infinitely dense and becomes a black hole

The center of a black hole is

The singularity

Point at which light cannot exist

Event horizon

If you went into a black hole you’d get ripped to strande of matter:

Spaghettification

Where are super massive black holes located

At the center of galaxies

Big Bang? Who and what evidence

Hubble: evidence from red shift of galaxies

Looking at supernova explosions, found out that the edge of the universe is ….. not …. (Why

Speeding up NOT slowing down (say it’s from dark energy

Theory for dark matter

There is matter that does not give off or reflect light

How much dark matter is there in the universe

25%

We can only see the effect of the…

Gravitational pull

Dark energy makes up

70% of the universe

The %70 dark energy is the current explanation for the outward…

The outward acceleration of the universe

What we know vs…

What we know vs what we don’t know vs what we don’t know that we don’t know