Studied by 2 people
Which two groups focused on fight complex legal battles in court?
NAACP and SCLC
What were the two campaigns which characterised the new, young, and dynamic student initiative on civil rights?
Sit-ins and Freedom rides
What were the two groups formed by students which organised the sit-ins and freedom rides?
SNCC and CORE
Who were the two key individuals of the new and young student led civil rights groups?
Diane Nash and James Farmer
Who are the 3 people considered as the "expert leaders” during this second wave of civil rights movement?
MLK, Ralph Abernathy, and Thurgood Marshall
Where did the SNCC sit-ins occur?
Greensboro, North Carolina
What is the name of the school at which the SNCC sit-ins originated?
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical college
Who staged the SNCC sit-ins from the Agricultural and Technical college?
members of the NAACP youth council
In 1 month, how many cities and states did the sit-ins spread to from North Carolina?
15 cities in 6 states
After 1 year, how many cities and states did the SNCC sit-ins spread to?
30 cities in 7 states
1 year after the SNCC sit-ins, how many people had gotten involved in sit-ins accross the US?
+70,000
1 year after the SNCC sit-ins, how many people had gotten arrested from their involvement in sit-ins accross the US?
3,600
When was the first sit-in?
February 1st, 1960
How many people sat down at a white-only lunch counter in the first sit-in?
4
Who was the mayor of Nashville during the sit-ins?
Ben West
How had Nashville presented itself due to its progressive nature?
The Athens of the South
How many black colleges did Nashville have?
4
What is the name of the University Diane Nash attended?
Fisk University
Who held workshops on non-violence?
Jim Lawson
What did Jim Lawson’s workshops aim to teach black people about prostesting?
To take blows without responding
Who were the 3 leaders of the first Nashville sit-in?
John Lewis, Angela Butler, and Diane Nash
For how long did the Nashville sit-ins last without causing any incidents?
2 weeks
After 2 weeks of the Nashville sit-ins what kind of protestors started gathering?
Gangs of toughs
What were the demonstrators charged with during their sit-in in Nashville?
Disorderly conduct
What did Mayor Ben West wish to maintain which he used as an excuse to arrest te sit-in protestors?
Peace, quiet, and good order
What is the name of the lawyer which was the defence for the sit-in protestors?
Z. Alexander Looby
What was the sum of money needed to pay by the guilty protestors of the Nashville sit-in?
50$
If the charged protestors of the Nashville sit-ins refused to pay the 50$, where did they go?
The city workhouse
How long did guilty protestors stay in the city workhouse?
33 days
Name a protestor who refused to pay the 50$ fine.
John Lewis
Where did black people spend the most of their money?
Downtown stores
Which politician said that the Easter boycotts should be supported by all American citizens interested in democracy
Adam Clayton Powell
How long did it take for the easter boycott to be completely effective?
1 month
What destroyed the home of X. Alexander Looby?
A stick of dynamite
At what time was the stick of dynamite thrown on X Alexander Looby’s house?
5:30am
What avenue was filled by protestors following the explosion of X. Alexander Looby’s house?
Jefferson
How many people marched along Jefferson avenue?
4,000
After Diane Nash asked Ben West whether it was wrong to discriminate against a person based on their colour, what was his answer?
He couldn’t agree that was morally right
How long after Ben West’s response to Diane Nash were black people served at counters?
3 weeks
What does SNCC stand for?
Student non-violent coordination committee
When was SNCC created?
Spring 1960
How many sit-in vets joined SNCC?
+200
Which state was the first SNCC meeting held?
North Carolina
What does SCLC stand for?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Who advised the students of SNCC to be independent of adult lead organisations?
Ella Baker
How did Diane Nash describe Ella Baker’s involvement in SNCC?
Giving directions without telling them what to do
Why did both Nixon and Kennedy avoid speaking out in favour of civil rights?
They didn’t want to lose southern votes
What triggered Kennedy to speak out about civil rights during his campaign?
The arrest of MLK
Who was the special assistant to president Kennedy?
Harris Wofford
What was the result of Kennedy’s involvement with MLK’s sentence?
MLK was released on bail
Who endorsed Kennedy after he freed MLK from prison?
Black ministers
Who was the leader of CORE?
James Farmer
What two supreme court justice laws did CORE want Kennedy to enforce in the south?
desegregated inter-state travel
What could be used to force southern states to abide by the interstate travelling laws?
The ICC (interstate commerce commition)
What was set up by CORE to force the implementation of ICC to enforce inter-state travel laws were followed by the south?
Freedom Rides
Where was the start point and end point of the freedom rides?
From Washington DC to New orleans
In what year were the freedom rides?
1961
How did John Lewis describe his final meal before the freedom rides?
Like a last supper
What happened to the lead bus just outside Aniston?
It was fireballed
How many freedom riders were hospitalised after the fireballing on May 14th?
12
Which freedom rider took the hardest beating after a mob met the second bus outside birmingham?
Jim Peck
Who was the governor of Alabama during the freedom rides?
John Patterson
What did the FBI know about the safety of the freedom rides?
They knew they would be attacked and the police would do nothing
What were the freedom riders forced to do once bus drivers refused to take them?
Fly home
Who called the bus terminals when the Freedom rides had seemingly failed, demanding that they find drivers to take black people?
Bobby Kennedy
Who was the executive assistant to Robert Kennedy who was sent down to deal with the freedom rides in Alabama?
John Seigenthaler
Who was the chief law enforcement officer who convinced John Patterson to agree to the guarantee of the safety of the freedom riders?
Floyd Mann
What had the freedom riders been promised on their last journey from Birmingham to Montgomery in terms of protection?
Patrol cars and a private plane
What happened around 40 miles away from Montgomery?
All sign of protection disappeared
What is the name of the first man who got off the bus in Montgomery?
Jim Zwerg
Did the police protect the freedom riders in Montgomery from the violent mob?
No
What happened to John Seigenthaler when the bus arrived at montgomery?
He was knocked out with a pipe over the head
What did the federal government put in place after the Montgomery bus incident in Alabama?
600 US marshalls
Where did MLK hold a sermon following the montgomery bus incident?
First Baptist church
What surrounded the First Baptist Church whilst MLK was delivering a sermon?
A mob
What were the mobs outside First Baptist Church doing to try to endanger the people inside?
Set off tear gas
At what time did John Patterson finally send in state police to help the US marshalls against the mob?
2 am
How did Patterson use his troops after the Baptist Church seige, at the Montgomery Bus station?
He sent them to protect the 27 freedom riders
How was the ride from Montgomery to Jackson describe in terms of security?
Like a military operation
What did one of the freedom riders do when the bus arrived in Jackson?
Started to sing
What happened to the freedom riders the moment they got off the bus in Mississipi?
They were sent to jail
Who was the attorney which defended the freedom riders in Jackson
Jack Young
What did the judge do whilst Jack Young was defending the freedom riders?
He turned his back on them
What were the freedom riders sentenced to when they arrived in Jackson?
60 days
How many freedom riders had been arrested beween the first arrest in May to the end of summer?
+300
When did Bobby Kennedy convince ICC to change it’s legislation to protect black people from segregation on buses?
September 1961
What was the attitude of the imprisoned freedom riders?
Happy
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Flashcard (21)