BioPsych Chapter 1

Calcium

________ helps vesicle proteins to bind with the membrane, bringing the vesicle close enough the fuse.

Chemical signals

________ (trophic factors)- proteins that help nerve cells develop and recognize each other are exchanged between potential synaptic partners.

Physostigmine

________: naturally occurring drug that blocks AChE.

ligand

A(n) ________ that binds to a receptor and activates it biologically.

Peptide transmitters of neurotransmitters

________ are dumped into extracellular space (synapse)

schwann cells

When axon is damaged, ________ form a guidance tube to guide the regnerating end of the axon to the target end of the axon.

Transmembrane proteins

________: channels that allow ions to move in and out of the cell.

Proteins

________ in the post- synaptic cells that bind to neurotransmitters released in the synapse.

Excitation

________ and inhibition are properties of the receptor, not the neurotransmitter /ligand.

ion channel

The neurotransmitter binds to receptor → activates protein (aka signaling molecule) → ________ opens /closes.

Polar

________: have an electrical charge.

hydrocarbon group

The "tail: "the ________, not charged (nonpolar)

Neurons

________ are NOT connected continuously (like wires) but separated by functional space through which they communicate.

trophic influence

Presyn: increase in ________ (neurotransmitter)

MRNA

________ is the synthesis of proteins.

Phospholipids

________: phosphate group acquired by nonpolar molecules WHEN COMBINED.

neuronal function

Controls the ________ and separates the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment.

Epilepsy

________: loss of GABA producing neurons.

GABA

________ blocks the synaptic terminal from releasing neurotransmitters.

Nonpolar

________: dont have an electrical charge.

Transcription

________: production of an RNA copy of DNA.

regulation

Up ________: little neurotransmitters, lots of receptors.

Peptide transmitters

________: released in brain as neurochemical signal between neurons.

Peptide hormones

________: released from brain into the blood stream to act as neurochemicla signal between brain and body.

co transmitters

Are often ________ and are released with small chemical neurotransmitters such as dopamine /norepinephrine.

Desensitization

________: respectors become less responsive to presence of ACh.

GABA antagonists

________ (receptor blockers) produce excitation.

Translation

________: assembly of amino acids in a specific sequence.

Neurotransmitters

________: Chemical molecules released from neurons that act as chemical signals between neurons.

Neurotransmitter receptors

________: specialized proteins in the membrane of post- synaptic neuron.

Excites

________: cell body gains ions (cell becomes positively charged)

Synapse

the functional zone

Dendrites

"recieving"

Axons

"output"

Neurotransmitter receptors

specialized proteins in the membrane of post-synaptic neuron

Inhibits

cell body loses ions (cell becomes negatively charged)

Excites

cell body gains ions (cell becomes positively charged)

Neurotransmitter Re-uptake pumps

specialized proteins on presynaptic membrane

Purpose

breaking down and packaging

Example

SSRIs

Original "Law of Dynamic Polarization"

Neuronal function from neuron structure (Ramon Cajal)

*Revised "Law of Dynamic Polarization"

Info flows from presynaptic cell to post synaptic cell with respect to specific synapse

Axo-somatic synapses

Synapse on cell body (B)

Axo-axonic synapses

Synapse at beginning of axon (C)

Axo-synaptic synapses

presynaptic terminals connect w/ one another (D)

Polar

have an electrical charge

Water (+ charge on H,

charge on O)

Nonpolar

dont have an electrical charge

Phospholipids

phosphate group acquired by nonpolar molecules WHEN COMBINED

The "head"

the phosphate group, charged (polar)

The "tail"

the hydrocarbon group, not charged (nonpolar)

Transmembrane proteins

channels that allow ions to move in and out of the cell

Transcription

production of an RNA copy of DNA

Translation

assembly of amino acids in a specific sequence

Neurotransmitters

Chemical molecules released from neurons that act as chemical signals between neurons

Classical neurotransmitters

small chemical molecules

Norephrine (Noradrenaline)

Concentration

Gaba

Calming

Dopamine

Pleasure

Glutamate

memory (excitation), most common

Serotonin

mood (happiness)

Acetylcholine

learning

Peptide neurotransmitters

short peptides (small proteins)

Can be 5

50 amino acids

Remember

ligands are what bind to the receptors

all antagonists are exogenous

foreign substances

Act as neuromodulators

a substance that binds to a receptor at a different location than the neurotransmitter itself

Desensitization

respectors become less responsive to presence of ACh

Diffusion

ACh out of the synapse

Breadown

of transmitter molecules

Physostigmine

naturally occurring drug that blocks AChE

Insecticides

manmade AChE blockers

GABA transaminase

recycles GABA back to glutamate for re-uptake and use

Ionotropic receptors, Cl

channels

Epilepsy

loss of GABA producing neurons

AMPA

most active

Peptide transmitters

released in brain as neurochemical signal between neurons

Peptide hormones

released from brain into the blood stream to act as neurochemicla signal between brain and body

Chemical signals (trophic factors)

proteins that help nerve cells develop and recognize each other are exchanged between potential synaptic partners

Up regulation

little neurotransmitters, lots of receptors

presyn

decrease trophic influence

postsyn

increase receptor number

Problem with up-regulation

can cause hypersensitivity

Example

phantom leg pain

Down regulation

lots of neurotransmitters, not a lot of receptors

presyn

increase in trophic influence(neurotransmitter)

postsyn

decrease in receptor

Problem with down-regulation

can cause desensitization