The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to the colonization of land by plants and fungi, as discussed in the lecture.

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles, oldest known life forms on Earth, arising about 3.2 billion years ago.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria that played a significant role in producing oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere, forming thin films by 2 billion years ago.

Sporopollenin

A tough polymer in plants' spores that provides protection from desiccation and harsh environments.

Mycorrhizae

Symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots that enhance nutrient uptake for plants.

Apical meristems

Regions of actively dividing cells located at the tips of roots and shoots in plants, enabling growth in length.

Embryophytes

Plants that develop from an embryo, a key characteristic distinguishing them from algae.

Lichens

Symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic microorganisms that help modify rocks and soil.

Xylem

Vascular tissue in plants responsible for transporting water and mineral nutrients.

Phloem

Vascular tissue in plants that transports organic products, such as sugars.

Gymnosperms

Seed plants that produce seeds not enclosed in chambers, including conifers.

Angiosperms

Seed plants that produce flowers and fruits, encompassing a wide diversity of plant species.

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic, absorb nutrients from their environment, and can form complex structures such as mycelium and fruiting bodies.

Endophytes

Fungi or bacteria that live inside plant tissues without causing harm, potentially offering benefits like pathogen resistance.

Vascular plants

Plants with specialized vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients, including both seedless and seed plants.

Cuticle

A waxy covering on plant surfaces that helps to prevent water loss.

Stomata

Pores on the surface of leaves that facilitate gas exchange and regulate water loss.

Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants, including liverworts, mosses, and hornworts, that lack true roots and vascular tissue.

Sporangia

Multicellular organs in sporophytes that produce spores.