MTT : Industrial

What was the theory of spontaneous generation?

A theory that was developed in the early 1700s which said microbes were created by decaying matter.

Who came up with germ theory and in what year?

Louis Pasteur

1861

What was germ theory?

He proved that spontaneous generation was wrong and something in the air caused decay. He did not prove it caused disease?

What did Robert Koch do?

Identified that different microbes caused disease and discovered the bacteria that caused disease such as TB and cholera.

How did he do this?

Grew bacteria in jelly and dyed them photographing them with a microscope.

What happened in 1858 and what theory did it link to?

The great stink where the sewage of London was dumped straight into the Thames

Miasma

What theories were no longer believed?

Four humours and God

How did hospitals change?

• Most closed down (1700 only 5 hospitals in England)

• Funded by donations

• Now focused on treating people

• Tended to help the deserving poor

• Separate wards for infectious patients

What did Florence Nightingale do?

Transformed hospital care in Britain

What sparked her to do this?

In 1854 she and 38 nurses were sent to treat soldiers in the Crimea War however the hospital send to was dirty, smelly and had a high death rate

What did she say must be done at hospitals?

• thorough cleaning

• Providing clean clothes and bedding

• Improving sanitation

• Providing good ventilation

What was the pavilion plan?

Nightingales hospital system following lots of windows for ventilation and separate wards for infectious patients.

How succesful was her work?

Very, death rate at hospital fell from 40% to 2%

What did she found and when?

Nightingale school for nurses

1860

What did james Simpson do? When?

Experimented with different chemicals and found that chloroform vapour was an effective anaesthetic.

1847

What were the problems with his discovery?

• an od could kill the patient

• It could impact the heart

• Interfered with religious beliefs

What did Joseph lister do? When?

He evidenced that carbolic acid could be sued as an antiseptic to keep the wound clean during surgery.

1865

By 1900 what surgery became common?

Aseptic surgery

• sterilisation of equipment

• Cleaning of operating theatres

• Introduction of PPE

• No audience in surgery

What was inoculation and what was it dangerous?

A method of prevention of diseases such as smallpox that involved spreading pus from a smallpox scab into the skin of a healthy person to build resistance.

The person could die or pass the disease to others.

What did Edward Jenner create? When?

The first vaccine

1798

How did he do this?

He experimented by infecting a boy with cowpox then waiting a few weeks to try infect him with smallpox - it did not infect him.

What happened in 1852?

Jenner’s small pox vaccine was made compulsory

What was published in 1848?

The first public health act that encouraged local councils to set up local boards of health and provide clean water suppliers.

It was NOT compulsory

Following the great stink, what was passed in 1875?

The second public health act

What was included in this?

It was made compulsory for city authorities to:

• provide clean water

• Dispose of sewage safely

• Build public toilets

• Employ a public health officer

• Enforce better building standards

• Check food quality

• Provide public parks

What was cholera? When did it arrive in Britain?

A fatal disease that caused severe sickness and diarrhoea.

1832

What did john snow do? When?

Snow created a map of cholera deaths in his local area and discovered they were centred around the Broad Street pump.

He removed the handle of the pump so people could not use it and deaths from cholera dramatically decreased.

Proved the disease was water borne and spread through contaminated water.

Snow shared his findings to the government in 1855

What was the impact of john snow?

• the government invested in new sewer systems

• Shows theories were backed by germ theory

• He emphasised the importance of clean water