Exam 3 - PH 370 Flashcards

What is the infectious pathogen that causes AIDS?

HIV, a retrovirus that stores genetic information as RNA rather than DNA.

Describe the structure of HIV.

HIV has a spherical particle with an external lipid bilayer envelope and an internal protein core that contains RNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.

What are the steps in the HIV life cycle?

1. HIV's gp120 binds to the CD4 receptor on human CD4+ cells and a second binding to WBC coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. 2. HIV enters the cell, removes/exposes the capsid, and single-stranded RNA is converted to double-stranded DNA using reverse transcriptase. 3. The DNA moves to the nucleus, where it integrates into human DNA via integrase. Viral DNA is copied when human DNA is copied, and viral proteins are produced when human proteins are produced. 4. With help from the enzyme protease, viral proteins form new HIV particles, leave the cell, mature, and infect other cells.

Where and in what population was HIV/AIDS first identified in the US?

Major cities among young, previously healthy, gay men who reported frequent sexual contact and drug use.

What is the origin of HIV?

Chimpanzees in Cameroon.

How many people have been infected with HIV globally?

75.7 million.

How have HIV/AIDS-related deaths trended globally?

Deaths have been reduced by 60% since the 2004 peak.

How many new HIV infections are there globally each year?

2 million.

How is HIV transmitted?

Through the exchange of body fluids, including semen, vaginal and cervical fluids, blood, and breast milk.

What are the signs and symptoms of acute HIV infection?

Flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, sore throat, rash, and swollen lymph nodes.

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic HIV infection?

This stage is generally asymptomatic and can last for months to years.

What defines the AIDS stage of HIV infection?

When the CD4 count drops below 200 for adults.

What are some diagnostic tests for HIV?

ELISA test, Western blot, and Viral Load.

What is the main treatment for HIV?

HAART, which utilizes multiple medications to target different points in the HIV life cycle to suppress viral replication.

What are the two main types of medications used in HAART?

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors.

What is PrEP and how does it work?

PrEP is pre-exposure prophylaxis and can be taken by HIV(-) people at high risk for HIV infection. It is a combination of two medications that interfere with HIV's ability to reproduce.

What is U=U?

Undetectable = Untransmissible. Individuals with HIV who achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load do not sexually transmit HIV to others.

What are other prevention methods for HIV?

Condoms, educational campaigns about HIV testing and prevention, and clean needle availability programs.

What is the vector for Malaria?

The female Anopheles mosquito.

What are the stages of malaria transmission?

1. An infected mosquito bites a human and the parasite enters the bloodstream. 2. The parasite travels to the liver and multiplies (pre-erythrocytic stage). 3. Parasites re-enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells (blood stage). 4. When a mosquito bites an infected person, it ingests the parasites and can then transmit them to another person.

What is the incubation period for Malaria?

9-30 days.

What are the symptoms of uncomplicated Malaria?

Fever, body aches, headache, and diarrhea.

What are the symptoms of severe Malaria?

Coma or recurrent seizures, severe anemia, respiratory distress, kidney or liver failure, systemic acidosis.

What are some diagnostic tests for current Malaria infection?

Smear, parasite nucleic acid detection/PCR, and antigen detection/rapid diagnostic tests.

What is the gold standard for treatment of uncomplicated Malaria?

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs).

What are some public health interventions for Malaria?

Treating infected people, vector control, and prevention.

What is the Mosquirix vaccine?

The first approved malaria vaccine. It works against Plasmodium falciparum.

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

To distribute blood to all parts of the body and to transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

The right and left atria and the right and left ventricles.

What are the two types of circulation in the body?

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

What is cardiac output?

The heart's efficiency in pumping optimal amounts of blood.

What are the categories of blood lipid levels?

LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.

What are some diagnostic tests for the heart?

Auscultation, ECG, echocardiography, exercise tolerance test.

What are some treatments for CVD?

Surgery, pharmacologic treatment, and pacemakers.

What are some public health approaches to CVD?

Risk reduction, health promotion, early identification and treatment.

What are the key processes involved in respiration?

Ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and respiration.

What is the role of the respiratory system in immunity?

The respiratory epithelium with its cilia plays a role in non-specific immunity.

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

In the alveoli.

What are the symptoms of disrupted respiratory function?

Chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing, cough, hemoptysis.

What is asthma?

An Ig-E mediated hypersensitivity reaction that causes inflammation in the bronchial tubes.

What are the main types of medications for asthma treatment?

Relievers, controllers, and preventers.

What are the functions of the gastrointestinal system?

Digesting and extracting macronutrients, absorbing nutrients.

What is the suspected etiology of Crohn's disease?

An interaction of genetics, immune system activation, and environmental factors.

What are some tools used to diagnose Crohn's disease?

Blood tests, imaging tests, endoscopy/colonoscopy.

What are the treatment options for Crohn's disease?

Pharmacotherapy, non-prescription meds, and surgery.

How is ulcerative colitis different from Crohn's disease?

UC is limited to the large intestine, appears in a continuous pattern.

What are the major glands in the endocrine system?

Pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

Adenohypophysis (anterior) and neurohypophysis (posterior).

What are the functions of the hormones LH and FSH in females?

FSH stimulates egg production and LH stimulates the ovaries.

What is spermatogenesis and where does it occur?

The process of sperm production, occurs in the seminiferous tubules.

What are the roles of estrogen in the body?

Development of female reproductive organs and breasts, fat distribution.

What are the roles of progesterone in the body?

Thickens the lining of the uterus for implantation.

What are the two phases of ovulation?

Follicular phase and luteal phase.

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

Secretes thyroid hormone, which affects metabolism.

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

Secretes parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels.

What are the functions of the adrenal glands?

Secretes corticosteroid hormones and epinephrine.

What are the functions of hormones produced by the pancreas?

Insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon raises it.

What are the functions of hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

ADH regulates water balance and oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions.

What is the primary class of male reproductive hormones?

Androgens, primarily testosterone.

What are the key structures of the female reproductive tract?

Cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

What are the phases of endometrial growth?

Proliferative phase, secretory phase, and menstrual phase.

What are some key hormones related to pregnancy?

Human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone.

How does the body control blood glucose levels?

Through the release of insulin and glucagon.

What is Type 1 diabetes?

An autoimmune disease that leads to little or no insulin production.

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin.

What are the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?

Family history, overweight, physical inactivity, age.

What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes?

Increased thirst and urination, increased hunger.

What are the diagnostic tests for diabetes?

Fasting plasma glucose test, 2-hour plasma glucose test, HbA1c test.

What are the complications of diabetes?

CVD, neuropathy, nephropathy, foot problems.