AP Bio Unit 6 Flashcards

Gene Expression, Molecular Genetics

DNA Structure

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

• 5-carbon sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base(ATCG)

-double helix

-A = T, G = C

-antiparallel strands: 5’ to 3’ AND 3’ to 5’

-Hydrogen bonds bonding base pairs

-Covalent(phosphodiester/hydrophilic) bonds bonding sugar-phosphate backbone

-monomer: nucleotide

Eukaryotes: linear, in the nucleus of a cell(not allowed to leave)

Prokaryotes: circular, floating in the cytoplasm

RNA Structure

RNA: ribonucleic acid

-single-stranded

-A = U, G = C

DNA Replication

happens during S phase of interphase

Replication Fork

where DNA is unwound, forming a replication fork by DNA helicase

Topoisomerase

Prevent DNA ahead of replication fork from getting wound up too tightly(cuts temporary “nicks” to relieve tension and reseals them later

Helicase

unwinds double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds

Single-Stranded Binding Proteins

Stabilizes and keep strands at the replication fork from winding back up

RNA Primase

Makes an RNA primer that provides a 3’ end for the DNA polymerase to work on

Leading Strand

New DNA strand that is made in 1 continuous piece

Lagging Strand

DNA strand that is made in small pieces

Primer

RNA Primer

DNA Polymerase I

Removes the RNA primers and replaces it with DNA nucleotides

DNA Polymerase III

Attach at RNA primers and adds complementary DNA nulecotides

Ligase

Exonuclease

Okazaki Fragments

Semi-Conservative

DNA Regulation

RNA Structure

Replication

Transcription and RNA Processing

Translation

Regulation of Gene Expression

Gene Expression and Cell Specialization

Mutations

Biotechnology