Measuring & Controlling Breathing

tidal volume

amount of air moved through the lungs at rest during a single respiratory cycle

inspiratory reserve volume

any amount of air that can be taken in beyond the normal inhalation

expiratory reserve volume

any amount of air that can be pushed out beyond the normal exhalation

inspiratory capcity

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume; total amount of air that can be brought in to the lungs

vital capacity

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

residual volume

air remaining in system after exhalation

functional residual capacity

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

total lung capacity

vital capacity + residual volume; how much air is in the lungs if they are completely inflated

anatomic dead space

amount of air that remains in air conducting portion of the respiratory system

respiratory rate

number of respiratory cycles/minute

12-18 breaths/minute

average adult respiratory rate

respiratory minute volume

breaths/minute x tidal volume

6 liters per minute

average adult respiratory minute volume

external respiration

gas exchange occurring between the lungs and blood

internal respiration

gas exchange occurring between the blood (capillaries) snd the tissues

cellular respiration

occurs in each cell of the body to create ATP

98%

What percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin?

affinity

term for oxygen binding

temp, pH, CO2, and CO

factors that effect affinity

high pH and low temp

Affinity best occurs in what conditions?

the lungs

The tissues have low affinity, so what organ has a high affinity?

it makes it so oxygen won’t bind

How does carbon monoxide effect affinity?

chloride shift

allows for bicarbonate to leave RBC and enter cytoplasm allowing for more conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate

medulla oblongata

respiratory rhythmicity centers where the basic level of breathing is controlled

pons

apneustic and pneumotaxic centers where adjustment of pace and depth of breathing is controlled

higher centers of the brain

areas of the brain that affect the pons and in turn affect the medulla

strecth reflexes

prevent overexpansion and tell when to begin the next respiratory cycle

chemoreception

What plays a key role in controlling breathing?

medulla oblongata

central chemoreceptors are in the…

aorta

peripheral (arterial) chemoreceptors are in the…

CO2 and H+ ions

High amounts of what causes you to breath?

anoxia

absence of oxygen

hypoxia

low oxygen

hypercapnia

high CO2 levels

hypocapnia

low CO2 levels

coughing

blast of air passes upward suddenly opening the closed glottis

sneezing

same as coughing, except air moving upward is directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula

laughing and crying

deep breath is released in a series of short expirations

hiccuping

diaphragm contracts spasmodically while glottis is closed

yawning

deep breath is taken

speech

air is forced through the larynx, causing vocal cords to vibrate

respiratory distress syndrome

lack of surfactant causes air sacs to not properly inflate

tuberculosis

bacteria causes tubercles to form that restrict expansion of air sacs

acute bronchitis

inflammation of bronchi

pneumonia

fluid in the lungs; prevents proper gas exchange

COPD (chronic obstructed pulmonary disease)

brought about by asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis