ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II MIDTERM REVIEW

Nail bed

The layer of epithelial tissue under the fingernail.

Second degree burns

Burns characterized by blisters, severe pain, and swelling; involve the epidermis and the dermis.

Epidermis

The top outer layer of skin.

Dermis

The second, underlying layer of skin.

Rule of nines

A method to determine the percentage amount of body surface area burned, dividing the body into areas representing 9%.

Melanoma

The more serious form of skin cancer that can develop from a mole.

Sebaceous glands

Oil producing glands that secrete oil for the skin and hair.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A hormone that stimulates the production of adrenal cortex hormones.

Calcitonin

A hormone that decreases the calcium level in the blood.

Goiter

A condition that can be caused by inadequate intake of iodine in the diet.

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

The most common form of blood cancer in children between the ages of 3 and 7.

Tissue Plasminogen activator (tPA)

A substance given to dissolve blood clots.

Aplastic anemia

A type of anemia related to high-dose exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation.

Pernicious anemia

Anemia related to deficiencies of intrinsic factor in the stomach, treatable with vitamin B12 injections.

Hemolytic anemia

Anemia types like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

Lymphedema

A condition with swelling due to the accumulation of lymph.

Decubitus ulcer

The medical term for a pressure sore caused by constant pressure on the skin.

Natural passive immunity

Immunity when a fetus receives antibodies from the mother.

Artificial active immunity

Immunity gained from receiving a flu shot.

Artificial passive immunity

Immunity that can occur when individuals receive antibodies from another person.

Mucous membrane

A type of membrane containing connective tissue.

Eccrine glands

Skin and sweat glands distributed over most of the body surface.

Luteinizing hormone

A hormone that stimulates ovulation and targets organ cells in the ovaries.

Dwarfism

A condition caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Gigantism

A condition caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Scleroderma

An autoimmune disease resulting in tightening and thickening of skin and connective tissues.

Oxytocin

A hormone that causes uterine contractions during labor and stimulates milk letdown.

Cushing syndrome

A condition that can result in a moon face and a buffalo hump.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood that contains albumin, hormones, and nutrients.

Progesterone

A hormone primarily secreted by the corpus luteum.

Pituitary gland

An endocrine gland composed of two parts, located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

Parietal pleura

A membrane covering the wall of the chest cavity.

Arrector pili muscle

Muscle that causes goose pimples on the skin.

Microcytic

A term referring to red blood cells that are smaller than normal.

Hyperchromic

A term referring to red blood cells containing more hemoglobin than normal.

Eosinophils

Granulocytes that protect against infections caused by parasites.

Spleen

The largest of the lymphatic organs.

Calcium

A mineral essential for proper blood clotting.

Prothrombin

A plasma protein necessary for blood clotting.

Lymph

A fluid containing excess fluid, protein molecules, and T lymphocytes.

Bone marrow

The site where B cells change from stem cells to immature B cells.

Thymus gland

An organ that helps develop T cells from stem cells.

HIV

A virus that damages the immune system by invading T cells.

Carbon dioxide transport

Methods include being carried by hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma, and as bicarbonate ion.