ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II MIDTERM REVIEW

LS6000 Anatomy & Physiology II

Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Endocrine, Blood, Integumentary (Skin) and LymphaticSystems

Midterm Exam consists of 50 multiple choice questions based on content from the above chapters.

Study this review sheet to prepare for the exam.

I. Terminology.

1. Nail bed is the layer of epithelial tissue under the fingernail.

2. Second degree burns are those characterized by blisters, severe pain and swelling. This description indicates that the first two layers of skin have been burned.

The epidermis is the top outer layer of skin and the dermis is the second, underlying layer of skin.

The rule of nines is used to determine the percentage amount of body surface area, BSA, that has been burned. It divides the body into areas, each representing 9% of the total BSA.

The epidermis is a cutaneous membrane and contains the stratum germinativum.

3. Melanoma is the more serious form of skin cancer. It can develop from a mole, either a new mole or a change in an existing mole.

4. Sebaceous glands are oil producing glands that secrete oil for the skin and hair.

5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the production of the adrenal cortex hormone, that regulate various body functions.

6. Calcitonin decreases the calcium level in the blood.

7. Goiter can be caused by an inadequate intake of iodine in the diet.

8. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, ALL, is the most common form of blood cancer in children between the ages of 3 and 7.

9. Tissue Plasminogen activator, tPA, is a substance given to patients to dissolve blood clots.

10. Aplastic anemia is a type of anemia related to high dose exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation.

Pernicious anemiacan be successfully treated with injections of vitamin B12, and is related to deficiencies of intrinsic factor in the stomach.

Examples of hemolytic anemia include sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

11. Lymphedema is a condition where tissues exhibit swelling due to an accumulation of lymph.

12. Decubitus ulcer is the medical term for a pressure sore (bed sore). These occur due to constant pressure on the skin.

II. Other Information:

1. An example of natural passive immunity is when the fetus receives antibodies from the mother.

An example of artificial active immunity is when you get a flu shot to protect against getting the flu.

An example of artificial passive immunity is being exposed to hepatitis A, but not having been vaccinated against it, you may receive antibodies from another person.

2. Membranes that contain connective tissue are mucous membrane, serous membrane and synovial membrane.

The peritoneum in the abdominal cavity is an example of a serousmembrane.

3. The endocrine system has organs that are dispersed throughout the body, all of these organs are glands and produce hormones.

4. Eccrine glands are skin and sweat glands, and distributed over most of the body surface.

5. Lutenizing hormone stimulates ovulation and therefore its target organ cells are in the ovaries.

6. Dwarfism can be caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Gigantism can be caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone.

7. Scleroderma is an autoimmune disease that causes tightening and thickening of the skin and connective tissues.

8. Oxytocin causes contractions of the uterus during labor, is one of the few hormones regulated by a positive feedback loop and stimulates milk letdown in nursing mothers.

9. Cushing syndrome can result in a moon face, and a buffalo hump as signs of the disease.

10. Insulin is secreted by beta cells of the pancreas.

11. Plasma contains albumin, hormones and nutrients.

Plasma cells produce antibodies when B lymphocytes have been exposed to an antigen.

12. Progesterone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum.

13. The pituitary gland is composed of two endocrine glands, and is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

14. The parietal pleura covers the wall of the chest cavity.

15. The arrector pili muscle causes what we commonly refer to as “goose pimples”.

16. Microcytic and hyperchromic are terms used to describe a red blood cell that is smaller than normal and contains more hemoglobin than normal.

17. Eosinophils are granulocytes that help protect against infections caused by parasites.

Basophils are another type of granulocyte.

Monocytes are called macrophages when they move out of the circulatory system and into tissues.

18. The spleen is the largest of the lymphatic organs.

19. Calcium must be present for the blood to clot properly. Also required for blood clotting to occur is the plasma protein prothrombin.

20. Parts of the system that help return lymph to the blood are the pulmonary vein, the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.

21. Lymph contains excess fluid, protein molecules and T lymphocytes.

22. In the bone marrow, B cells change from stem cells to immature B cells after birth.

Stem cells seed the thymus gland to help develop T cells.

HIV damages the immune system by invading T cells.

23. Methods used to transport carbon dioxide in the blood include being carried by hemoglobin, being dissolved in the plasma and carried as the bicarbonate ion.