Healthy Populations Block 5 Exam

What is this?

-very small (.025-.35 um)

-usually round shape

-genome protein capsule "capsid"

-can be enveloped or not

Virus

T/F: viruses are capable of replicating without a host

False! Viruses MUST have a host to be able to replicate

How does canine parvovirus type 2 spread?

Direct dog-to-dog contact, contaminated feces, environments or people

What are some symptoms of canine parvovirus type 2?

Loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea (might be bloody) and dehydration

Is canine parvovirus type 2 environmentally stable?

Yes, it can remain infectious for at least a year in the soil

What type of virus is feline leukemia virus?

An oncogenic, enveloped, immunosuppressive lentivirus

What is the most common infectious disease in cats?

feline leukemia virus

How is feline leukemia virus shed?

saliva, nasal secretions, urine, feces, milk

T/F: vertical transmission can occur before they are born and while nursing for feline leukemia virus

True

What is the most common viral disease in cattle?

Bovine viral diarrheal virus

What is this?

-single cell organisms

-usually 10-100 times larger than viruses

-sphere or rod shaped

-reproduce on their own

-move with flagella or gliding

Bacteria

What has a thick peptidoglycan later and no outer lipid membrane, staining purple-blue?

Gram positive bacteria

What is erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

-Gram positive rod shaped bacterium in swine

-leaves red diamond shaped patches

-zoonotic

What has a thin peptidoglycan layer with an outer lipid membrane that stains red-pink?

Gram negative bacteria

What is this?

-eukaryote (cells have a nucleus)

-can replicate in host or freely in the environment

Parasites

What are ascaris suum?

-large roundworm in pigs

-zoonotic

Is ascaris suum environmentally stable?

Very, can live in soil for up to 10 years

What is this?

-eukaryote (nuclei and vacuoles)

-largest of all pathogen types: many shapes

-mostly found as environmentally resistant spores and molds

Fungi

What is this?

-a misfolded protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally

Prion

What is : prevent unintentional contamination and foodborn illnesses

Food safety

What is: protect food from intentional contamination to cause harm or economic disruption

Food defense

What is: access to safe and nutritious food

Food security

What is: all necessary actions to keep food safe, prevent contamination and ensure quality

Food protection

What two things make up food protection?

Food safety and food defense

What does farm to fork mean?

Describes the entire food production process from growing/raising food on a farm to it ending up on your plate

Who might have these responsibilities?

-animal health and welfare

-disease prevention

-food safety

-public health

-regulatory oversight

-research and development

Food supply veterinarians

Who is in charge of shell eggs food safety?

FDA

Who is in charge of egg products food safety?

USDA

What is foodborne illness?

Comes from eating contaminated food, can be caused by microorganisms, chemical adulterants or toxins

Who is affected by campylobacteriosis?

Kittens, puppies, poultry, livestock and unpasteurized milk

Who is affected by cryptosporidiosis?

Calves, goat kids and lambs

Who is affected by escherichia coli?

Cattle, goats, sheep, and unpasteurized milk

Who is affected by salmonellosis?

Reptiles, baby chicks and ducklings, adult poultry, livestock, dogs, cats and unpasteurized milk

Who is affected by listeria?

Ruminants, rodents, dogs, cats, and birds, soil, water, silage, milk, cheese, feces, sewage and foodstuffs

What is a common waterborne illness?

Crypto

How is crypto passed?

Stool of infected person or animal

How is salmonella normally transmitted?

To humans by eating foods contaminated with animal feces

__________ are less resistant to disinfectants because their lips layer is easily disrupted

enveloped viruses

what is caseous lymphadenitis?

Cornebacterium pseudotuberculosis

what type of bacteria is caseous lymphadenitis?

gram positive, facultative intracellular coccobacillus

how does caseous lmyphadenitis present?

abscess formation in or near major peripheral lymph node or within internal organs and lymph nodes

what is the environmental stability of caseous lymphadenitis?

incubation period is 1-3 months, can survive on fomites such as bedding and wood for 2 months and in soil for 8 months

is caseous lymphadenitis zoonotic?

yes

T/F: no intramammary antimicrobials are currently labeled for the treatment of Klesiebella pneumonia mastitis infections in the USA

true

is klebsiella pneumonia mastitis zoonotic?

yes

what symptoms might a heavily infected pig have with ascaris suum?

-difficulty breathing, "thumps"

-weight gain

-unthrifty

-slow weight gain

-whole worms in manure

what is dermatophytosis?

hair or wool loss caused by trichophton or mycrosporum genera fungi

when do clinical signs begin to show for dermatophytosis?

4-14 days after exposure

what does dermatophytosis look like?

multiple areas can be affected at a given time, usually circular in outline and slightly raised, size of lesions are variable but can become very extensive

what is the fatal form of aspergillus?

systemic infection spreads beyond the lungs to other organs

how does aspergillus normally present?

chronic nasal discharge that often has strong odor, lasts for weeks to months does not respond to antibiotics or other common therapies, typically involves only one nostril

-many drugs traditionally used to treat have toxic side effects

is aspergillus zoonotic?

no

is dermatophytosis zoonotic?

yes

what is chronic wasting disease?

prion disease in deer and elk

how does chronic wasting disease present?

drastic weight loss, stumbling listlessness, lack of coordination, drooling and excessive thirst or urination

how is chronic wasting disease spread?

spread among cervids through environmental contamination, no vaccine or treatment

T/F: cooking temperatures are able to disable CWB prions

false, it has been found that cwd cannot be gotten rid of in meat

what causes colibacillosis? what does it look like?

-caused by numerous bacterial strains of escherichia coli

-gram negative flagellated bacilli (rod shape)

what are some virulence factors of colibacillosis?

-encapsulated

-fimbriae

-easily adheres to mucosal enterocyte receptors within small intestine

-rapid colonization

-certain strains produce entertoxins

-fecal oral route

why is it hard to treat colibacillosis?

-resistant to widespread of disinfectants as well as antibiotics

-lack of effective vaccines because there is constant mutation

what are the clinical signs of colibacillosis in swine?

anorexia and weight loss, asthenia, cyanosis, non-odorous non-bloody diarrhea, edema, fever, hemorrhage, paralysis and sudden death

what are the clinical signs of colibacillosis in poultry?

respiratory distress, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, poor growth and sudden death

Is colibacillosis zoonotic?

yes, food borne transmission

what is the most common systemic fungal disease found in cats?

cryptococcus neoformans

what is cryptococcus neoformans?

airborne pathogen caused by inhalation of microscopic fungi from environment, found in soil, decaying wood and bird dropping

what are the clinical signs of cryptococcus neoformans?

cutaneous lesions of the nose, mucous nasal discharge, weight loss and inappetence, lethargy, joint inflammation and neurological symptoms

what is porcine epidemic diarrhea virus?

enveloped 95-190 nm with single stranded positive-sense RNA genome

how is porcine epidemic virus spread?

-fecal oral route

-fecal nasal route

-fomites

-vertical transmission

-sexual intercourse

T/F: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has a high mortality in neonatal pig and low mortality in post weaned animals

true

what is tritrichomonas foetus?

parasite causing venereal disease in cattle

how is transmission increased for tritrichomonas foetus?

-not checking to see if bull/cow has before breeding

-when an infected bull breeds a cow natrually, approximately 30-90% of those cows become infected

-not treating infected cattle

-a lack of biosecurity protocols

-commingling of breeding groups

what is the most common side of tritrichomonas foetus?

heifers and cows have reproductive failure as a result of early embryonic death

what is the hotspot matrix?

how environmental stability and zoonotic risk cause a disease

what is the x-axis for the hotspot matrix?

environmental stability

what is the y-axis of hotspot matrix?

zoonotic risk (high to low)

What do Veterinary Medical Officers (VMOs) conduct?

carcass inspections

who regulates meat, poultry and egg production?

USDA-FSIS

who focuses on animal health and "pre-harvest"?

USDA-APHIS

who regulates pet food?

FDA

who regulates seafood, produce, dairy?

FDA

who oversees drug residues/approvals?

FDA

who primarily investigates food borne illness outbreaks at the retail/restaurant level

state and local health departments

Who regulates more than 80% of the US food supply?

FDA

Who enforces primary through physical inspections?

FSIS

who regulated livestock feed additives?

FDA

Who am I? I conduct antemortem inspections of swine before they are slaughtered

FSIS Veterinary Medical Officer

Who am I ? I educate dairy producers about accurate drug withdrawal times and recordkeeping to prevent violation of drug residues in milk

food animal veterinarian

Who am I? I visit dairy producers to discuss drug withdrawal times and recordkeeping to prevent violation of drug residues in milk

FDA Veterinary Medical Officer

Who am I? I work with producers to ensure that cull dairy cows are fit for transport to a slaughter facility

food animal veterinarian

Who am I ? I conduct TB testing in cattle

initial test=food animal veterinarian

secondary test after postive= APHIS Veterinary Medical Officer

Who am I? I establish a VCPR with producers in order to prescribe antimicrobials in feed and or water

food supply veterinarian

Who am I? I inspect meat, poultry and eggs imported from other countries

FSIS Veterinary Medical Officer

What stage of food production is this? Activities before products is ready to be sold

pre-harvest

What stage of food production is this? Transformation of raw products into food

processing

What stage of food production is this? preparation of the product for storage processing: cleaning, cooling and packaging

post-harvest

what are the sources of pathogens?

-personnel

-vectors

-rodents

-insects

-birds

-feed

-water

-compost

Define: proper handling, nutrition, and environment to minimize stress

animal welfare

define: preventing chemical residues, contaminants and physical hazards from entering the food supply

food safety

define: maintaining documentation for animal health and movement

traceability and record-keeping

define: implementing measures to prevent the spread of diseases

biosecurity