Families of Organic Molecules & Functional Groups Structures

OSU BIOPHRM 3311

What is the functional group structure of an aromatic compound?

A six-carbon ring with alternating double bonds (benzene ring).

Give a simple example of an aromatic compound.

Benzene (C₆H₆).

Recognize this line structure:

Aromatic compound.

What suffix is used for aromatics?

None.

What is the functional group structure of an alkane?

Contains only C–C and C–H single bonds; no readily reactive bonds.

Give a simple example of an alkane.

Propane (CH₃CH₂CH₃).

Recognize this line structure:

Alkane.

What is the suffix for alkanes?

-ane.

What is the functional group structure of an alkene?

Carbon–carbon double bond (C=C).

Give a simple example of an alkene.

Ethylene (H₂C=CH₂).

Recognize this line structure:

Alkene.

What is the suffix for alkenes?

-ene.

What is the functional group structure of an alkyne?

Carbon–carbon triple bond (C≡C).

Give a simple example of an alkyne.

Acetylene (ethyne, HC≡CH).

Recognize this line structure:

Alkyne.

What is the suffix for alkynes?

-yne.

What is the functional group structure of an alkyl halide?

A carbon bonded to a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I).

Give a simple example of an alkyl halide.

Ethyl chloride (CH₃CH₂Cl).

Recognize this line structure:

Alkyl halide.

What is the suffix for alkyl halides?

None.

What is the functional group structure of an alcohol?

Hydroxyl group (–OH).

Give a simple example of an alcohol.

Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH).

Recognize this line structure:

Alcohol.

What is the suffix for alcohols?

-ol.

What is the functional group structure of an ether?

Oxygen atom bonded to two carbons (R–O–R).

Give a simple example of an ether.

Diethyl ether (CH₃CH₂–O–CH₂CH₃).

Recognize this line structure:

Ether.

What is the suffix for ethers?

None.

What is the functional group structure of an amine?

–NH₂ (amino group).

Give a simple example of an amine.

Ethylamine (CH₃CH₂NH₂).

Recognize this line structure:

Amine.

What is the suffix for amines?

-amine.

What is the functional group structure of an aldehyde?

Carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a chain, bonded to H (–CHO).

Give a simple example of an aldehyde.

Acetaldehyde (Ethanal, CH₃CHO).

Recognize this line structure:

Aldehyde.

What is the suffix for aldehydes?

-al.

What is the functional group structure of a ketone?

Carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbons.

Give a simple example of a ketone.

Acetone (CH₃COCH₃).

Recognize this line structure:

Ketone.

What is the suffix for ketones?

-one.

What is the functional group structure of a carboxylic acid?

–COOH (carbonyl + hydroxyl group).

Give a simple example of a carboxylic acid.

Acetic acid (CH₃COOH).

Recognize this line structure:

Carboxylic acid.

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

-ic acid.

What is the functional group structure of an anhydride?

Two carbonyls (C=O) bonded through an oxygen atom (–CO–O–CO–).

Give a simple example of an anhydride.

Acetic anhydride.

Recognize this line structure:

Anhydride.

What is the suffix for anhydrides?

None.

What is the functional group structure of an ester?

–COOR (carbonyl bonded to –OR group).

Give a simple example of an ester.

Methyl acetate (CH₃COOCH₃).

Recognize this line structure:

Ester.

What is the suffix for esters?

-ate.

What is the functional group structure of an amide?

–CONH₂ (carbonyl bonded to NH₂).

Give a simple example of an amide.

Acetamide (CH₃CONH₂).

Recognize this line structure:

Amide.

What is the suffix for amides?

-amide.

What is the functional group structure of a thiol?

–SH (sulfhydryl group).

Give a simple example of a thiol.

Ethyl thiol (CH₃CH₂SH).

Recognize this line structure:

Thiol.

What is the suffix for thiols?

None.

What is the functional group structure of a sulfide?

R–S–R (sulfur atom bonded to two carbons).

Give a simple example of a sulfide.

Ethyl methyl sulfide (CH₃CH₂SCH₃)

Recognize this line structure:

Sulfide.

What is the suffix for sulfides?

None.

What is the functional group structure of a disulfide?

R–S–S–R (two sulfur atoms bonded together, each bonded to carbon).

Give a simple example of a disulfide.

Dimethyl disulfide (CH₃–S–S–CH₃).

Recognize this line structure:

Disulfide.

What is the suffix for disulfides?

None.