theory that describes how people explain their own and others' behavior
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fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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just world phenomenon
people get what they deserve
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saliency bias
focusing on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining the causes of behavior
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self-serving bias
tendency to credit oneself for positive consequences and avoid blame for negative consequences
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dispositional vs. situational vs. self-serving
dispo - someone is blamed
situation - environment is blamed
self - someone avoids blame
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… and … effect our behavior/social thinking
internal attitudes and external influences
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compliance
changing one’s behavior as a result of someone directing/asking for the change
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compliance: foot in the door
tendency for someone to comply with a big request after complying with a smaller one
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compliance: door in the face
when a large request is made so that they will agree with a smaller request
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compliance: lowballing
to induce someone to agree to something with a low ‘cost’ and then adding on to the original product
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compliance: reciprocity
people are socialized into returning favors (favor for favor)
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role
set of expectations about a social position
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example of a role
stanford prison experiment
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cognitive dissonance theory
an uncomfortable state of mind arising when our attitude and actions are inconsistent; we then seek to resolve/reduce dissonance by changing our attitude
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persuasion: central route of persuasion
focuses on facts and the message in order to convince
(logos)
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persuasion: peripheral route of persuasion
focuses on feelings in order to convince
(personality of speaker, how the message was delivered)
(ethos, pathos)
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conformity
compliance with standards, rules, laws
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norm
something that is usual, typical, standard
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normative social influence
changing behavior to fit into the norms/gain approval/avoid disapproval
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informational social influence
following the behavior of others because you think they are ‘right’
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the asch effect
a form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgements
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asch effect: 3 factors that influence conformity
1. size of the majority 2. presence of a partner 3. size of discrepancy between opinions
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milgram’s obedience experiment
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social facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
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social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when they are individual
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deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in groups
(ie. internet trolling/negative comments when posting anonymously)
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group polarization
tendency for members of a group discussing an issue to move toward a more extreme version of the positions they held before the discussion began
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groupthink
when a group makes irrational/unrealistic decisions spurred by the urge to conform
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self-fulfilling prophecy
one tends to behave in ways that reinforce beliefs and actions, thus causing them to come true
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prejudice
negative/unjustifiable attitude toward a group
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stereotype
overgeneralization about a group
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ingroup vs. outgroup
i - people who share a common identity
o - those perceived as different from the ingroup
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ingroup bias
tendency to favor one’s own group
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scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice provides outlet for anger and blame
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5 causes for discrimination
1. dissimilarity and social distance 2. economic competition 3. scapegoating 4. conformity to social norms 5. media stereotypes
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halo effect
cognitive bias in which an someone’s overall impression of something/someone influences their thoughts about their character
(ie. assuming something good because they seem good)
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aggression
any physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt/destroy
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frustration-aggression principle
principle that frustration creates anger, which generates aggression
(ie. hot weather and crime rates)
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social trap
a situation where conflicting groups each pursue their self-interest and end up in a mutually destructive behavior
we harm out collective well-being by pursuing personal interests
prediction that people will find friends/mates that are perceived to be about their same level of attractiveness
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expectancy value theory
theory that people decide to pursue relationships based on the minimal risk of failure
(trying to find best chance at success)
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5 forms of love
1. empty love (commitment) 2. infatuation (passion) 3. romantic love/passionate love (intimacy and passion) 4. companionate love (commitment and intimacy) 5. consummate love (commitment, intimacy, and passion)
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equity
what people receive in proportion to what they give to it
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self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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altruism
unselfish regard for welfare of others
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bystander effect
tendency to be less likely to help when other bystanders are present
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social exchange theory
theory that our social behavior is an exchange process (maximize benefits, minimize costs)