MT631 UNIT 1&2

Medical Technology

Clinical laboratory science/laboratory medicine

Anna Fagelson

Branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health

Ruth Heinenmann

Application of the principles of natural, physical and biological sciences to aid in diagnosis and treatment

Republic Act No. 5527 The philippine medical technology act of 1969

; an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination of tissues, secretion, and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic, and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated which will aid the physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.

Dr. William Welch (1878)

Opened a teaching laboratory in America at Bellevue Medical College;

William Osler

Opened the first clinical laboratory at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.

James C. Todd (1908)

wrote Clinical Diagnosis: a Manual of Laboratory Methods

Mrs. Willa Hilgert Hedrick

Founder of Medical Technology Education in the Philippines

Philippine Union College of Baesa

First to offer B.S. Medical Technology in the Philippines

PASMETH

Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health

PAMET

Philippine Association of Medical Technologists

Clinical Laboratory

It is a facility that performs chemical and microscopic examinations of various body fluids

Role of medical techonologist

Observe, identify, analyze organisms and cells causing infection and disease

Ebers Papyrus

Oldest preserved egyptian compilation of medical texts.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

made first simple microscope

Marcelo Malpighi

Founder of pathology

Rudolph Virchow

founder of cellular pathology

19th Century

Era of public health

John Snow

father of epidemiology; discovered that cholera was waterborne

Pathologist

head or director of the clinical laboratory

Medical Technologist

The person who has finished the four year course and has passed the licensure examination

Phlebotomy

This procedure uses slides with blood that undergoes smearing and staining to conduct a blood count.

Lavender Tubes

contains anticoagulant so blood does not clot

Red Tubes

does not not contain anticoagulant, blood that clots

Hippocrates

medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine; author of the Hippocratic oath

urinalysis

Oldest laboratory procedure

four humors in man

blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Hindu Physicians

recorded the sweet taste of diabetic urine as well as polyuria in diabetes

Vivian Herrick

identified kinds of worms Taenis and Ascaris

Jean Baptise van Helmont

Introduced the gravimetric analysis of urine using a number of 24-hour urine specimens

Frederick Dekkers

Presented a test for the detection of protein based on boiling of specimen in the presence of acetic acid

Louis Pasteur

Discovered the concept of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Aerobic bacteria

only grow and survive in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic bacteria

does not require oxygen to survive

Hermann von Fehling

Performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar

Hans Christian Joachim Gram

Devised his method that used
Crystal Violet (Gentian Violet) as the primary stain, an iodine solution as a mordant followed by treatment with ethanol as a decolorizer.

Paul Ehrlich

Used aniline water and gentian
violet (a cationic dye) to stain cells, and the cell walls would appear purple after staining.

Pennsylvania State Legislature

Passed a law requiring all hospitals to be equipped with adequate laboratory in 1915

Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists

organized in 1921

American Board of Pathology

organized in 1936

World War I

produced a great demand for technicians and laboratories

University of Minnesota

One of the first schools to establish training for workers in 1922

World War II

“Closed System” of blood collection was adapted

Public Health Laboratory

first clinical laboratory, made in 1945 in Sta. Cruz Manila

October 1, 1945

Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano Icasiano (1st City Health Officer of Manila) reopened the Public Health Laboratory as the Manila Public Health Laboratory under Dr. Roda’s leadership

1954

Dr, Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana together with Dr. Tirso Briones offered a six-month laboratory training with a formal syllabus

University of Santo Tomas

Dr. Antonio Gabriel & Dr. Gustavo Reyes started offering Medical Technology as an elective to 4th and 5th year pharmacy students before fully recognizing BSMT in June 14, 1961

Centro Escolar University

First batch graduated in 1962

Far Eastern University

First batch graduated in 1963

University of the Philippines

Offers same course but conferred to as BS Public Health

CMO no.14 s.2006

Policies, standards and guidelines (PSG) for medical technology education

CMO no.6 s.2008

Guidelines for the accreditation of Clinical Laboratories involved the training of MLS/MT Interns

CMO no.46 s.2012

Policy Standards to enhance Quality
Assurance in Philippine Higher Education through OUTCOMES-BASED and TYPOLOGY BASED QA

CMO no.13 s.2017

Policies, standards and guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in MT/MLS Program

Article 5 Section 9 Minimum Curriculum

Grand Total of 173 units, with 1728 Lab Hours from first to third year, and 1664 internship hours at fourth year

MT Licensure Examination Scope

■ Clinical Chemistry 20%
■ Microbiology and Parasitology 20%
■ Hematology 20%
■ Blood Banking and Serology 20%
■ Clinical Microscopy 10%
■ Histopathologic Techniques and MT Laws ( MT Laws, Related Laws & Implementing Rules. And the code of ethics) 10%

Employment Opportunities

○ Medical technologist (generalist/specialist)
○ Clinical laboratory supervisor
○ Chief medical technologist
○ Laboratory owner
○ Sales and public relations representative
○ Educational representatives
(company/health program)
○ Researcher (industrial/mechanical)
○ Teacher/instructor (secondary/tertiary levels)
○ Employment abroad
○ Phlebotomist
○ Medical Doctor
○ Medical Sales Representative

Based on function and ownership

Classification of medical laboratories

Private laboratory

A free standing laboratory owned by a specific person

Government laboratory

Mostly are institutions (inside a hospital)

Clinical chemistry

chemicals are used to assess the specimen

Hematology

counting of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Microbiology

Culturing of bacteria

Clinical microscopy

using only a microscope; things assessed like body fluids

Immunology

a field where you analyze the body's immune system and its functions and disorders

Molecular Biology

Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

Immunohematology

is all about the blood and what is needed to be transferred

Cytogenetics

the malformation of the gene formation; commonly observed in newborn babies

Endocrinology

the branch of medicine dealing with the endocrine glands and their secretions

Toxicology

the study of substances that are toxic to the body

Therapeutic drug monitoring

monitoring of drugs delivered to a patient

Surgical pathology

something from the body is taken out to be observed

Immunohistopathology

staining of tissues, colors on the cells wherein you can confirm a possible appearance of malignancy

Cytology

study of cells and their behavior

Autopsy

there is a dead body wherein they take something from it to determine its cause of death

Forensic pathology

connected to autopsy, investigation of cause of death

Molecular pathology

to determine the presence or absence of a particular disorder in DNA/RNA

Institution based laboratory

a laboratory that is inside a hospital

Freestanding laboratory

laboratory that is not within a hospital, such as those in malls

Clinical pathology

body fluids are examined, analyzed, and observed in this laboratory; fluids

Anatomical pathology

instruments that will process solid tissues; dealing with tissues

General clinical laboratory

Divided into three categories: primary, secondary, and tertiary category

Special clinical laboratory

assisted reproduction technology laboratory, includes molecular pathology, forensic pathology, and anatommic laboratory

National reference laboratory

Includes: confirmatory testing, surveillance, resolution of conflicting results, training and research, and evaluation of diagnostic kits and reagents

Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)

○ Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
○ Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases
○ Bacterial Enteric Diseases
○ Malaria
○ Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses
○ Dengue and other arboviruses
○ Measles, Rubella, and other Exanthems
○ Transfusion-Transmissible infections
○ Polio and other enteroviruses
○ Mycology
○ Tuberculosis
○ Rotavirus

San Lazaro Hospital STD-AIDS Cooperative Center Laboratory (SACCL)

○ HIV
○ Hepatitis
○ Immunophenotyping (Flowcytometry)
○ Syphilis
○ Gonorrhea
○ Chlamydia
○ Trichomas
○ Fungal Infection

East Avenue Medical Center

○ Environmental
○ Occupational Health
○ Toxicology
○ Micronutrients assay
○ Associated social problems related to drug abuse and manipulation

National Kidney and Transplant Institute

○ Hematology
○ Immunohematology
○ Immunopathology
○ Automated Urinalysis
○ Anatomic Pathology for Renal Diseases and
other unassigned organ system diseases

Lung Center of the Philippines

Clinical Chemistry

Philippine Heart Center

Anatomic Pathology of Cardiac Diseases

Satellite testing sites

owned by licensed laboratory but situated in a location some distance from the main laboratory

Mobile Clinical Laboratories

Laboratory testing unit that moves from one testing site to another, permitted to collect specimen only and operates within 100 KM radius from its main lab

Laboratory Sections

A. Specimen Processing
B. Hematology Section
C. Coagulation Section
D. Clinical Microscopy
E. Parasitology
F. Clinical Chemistry
G. Clinical Microbiology
H. Immunology / Serology Sections
I. Immunohematology / Blood Bank
J. Histopathology / Cytopathology

Laboratory requisition

a form used by physicians to document the tests that are to be performed on the patient

Contents of laboratory requisition form

○ Patient’s demographic information/data:
■ Name
■ Data
■ Address
■ Birth Date
■ Gender
○ Date and Time of Collection
○ Room Number (in-patient or out-patient)
○ Test Selection
○ Identification of the person who performed
the collection
■ Name
■ Signature of Ordering Physician
○ Physician’s clinical Diagnosis
○ Additional comments

Blue Tubes

uses sodium citrate as anticoagulant

Laboratory directory

Includes collection notes, storage instruction of specimen, reference ranges, clinical significance, test schedule or testing interval frequency method

Laboratory reports

used to transmit results, includes reference ranges, date and time of specimen collection, name/address of the laboratory, name and identification number of patient, source of specimen, and date and time the report was generated

Pre-analytical phase

● occurs first in the laboratory process
○ Patient preparation
○ Paperwork and data entry
○ Specimen collection, processing,
storage and transportation.
● Responsible Personnel: Phlebotomist,
laboratory technician

Analytic phase

● Considered the “actual” laboratory testing or the diagnostic procedures, processes and products
○ Proper instrument maintenance
○ Reagent supplies
○ Quality control
● Responsible personnel: Medical Technologist, Medical Laboratory Scientist