The Marshall Plan

Who was Clayton?

Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs

What did Clayton return from in May 1947?

Fact-finding tour of Western Europe

What did Clayton conclude from his tour?

A failure to revive the economies of Eur

What did Claytons analysis illustrate about US?

US had a rising concern about the nature of its long-term relationship with Europe

What did Kennan’s Policy Planning Staff state in May 1947?

What was the basic problem for the PPS?

Profound impact of the WW2 upon the economic, political and social structure of Europe

What was the focus of US aid to Europe?

Restoring Europe’s economic strength rather ths

When did Marshall reveal the European Recovery Program?

5th

What did the Marshall Plan provide?

13.5 billion to 16 countries in Europe

What was a condition of receiving the aid?

Some of it had to be spent on importing goods from the USA and share economic information with the USA

What did the American vision for Europe rest in?

Creation of a single European market

What did historians argue that the Marshall Plan contributed significantly to?

Creation of the European Coal and Steel Company and ultimately the European Economic Community from 1957

What did Marshall recognise the risk of?

Continued post-war economic stagnation leading to communist regimes being democraticall

What was USA predominately concerned about the stability of?

France and Italy

How many members were in the French Communist Party in 1947?

1.7 million

Why wasn’t Spain given the Marshall Plan?

International isolation of Franco’s regime

Was all countries given the Marshall Plan?

Yes

What did the Soviets see the Marshall Plan as?

American economic imperialism

Who was not fully under Soviet control by 1947?

Czechoslovakia and Hungary

What did Stalin walk out of in July 1947?

Paris Peace Conference

What did he establish in September 1947?

Cominform

What did Stalin order the countries that expressed interest in the Marshall Aid to do?

Reverse their decisions

What did the Marshall Plan accelerate and undermine?

Division of Europe and undermine possibility of international relations based on cooperation

When was the Paris peace Conference?

September and October 1946

How met in the conference?

France, USSR, UK and USA

What happened in the conference?

Met to draw up peace treaties for the defeated European powers

Who were the defeated European powers?

Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy and Romania

What did all treaties include?

Territorial adjustments, reparations and anti-fascist requirements for post-war governments