Lecture 5

What are some factors that can cause the emergence of infectious diseases?

There are many factors that can contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases. Some of the most significant include deforestation, agricultural development, urbanization, habitat fragmentation, road construction, air and water pollution, climate change, hydrological changes (such as dam building), population movement, drug resistance, and better detection/diagnosis.

What are some factors that can aid in the early detection of infectious diseases?

Early detection of infectious diseases is crucial in controlling outbreaks. Some factors that can aid in early detection include improved education and reporting, modified/improved classification, and improved diagnostic sensitivity.

How can migration impact the spread of infectious diseases?

Migration can play a role in the spread of infectious diseases. It can introduce the index case of an infection to a new population or take a pathogen to another population. Additionally, migration can replenish susceptibles, which is more relevant to persistence than emergence.

How does the food production industry impact the emergence of infectious diseases?

The food production industry is necessary to sustain populations, but it can also contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases. Land use, agriculture, and the food industry account for 25% of all cumulative EID events. Zoonotic diseases are of particular concern.

How can dam construction impact the risk of malaria?

Building dams can change water flow, which can impact the risk of malaria. Downstream of a dam, flooding and freestanding water can be reduced, which in turn reduces breeding sites for vector-borne diseases. Upstream, the stagnant lake created by the dam can become a breeding site for mosquitoes.

What is the main driver for the emergence of infectious diseases?

Human behaviour is the main driver for the emergence of infectious diseases. As such, public health management will require a one world/planetary health approach. Infectious disease control can be disrupted by a variety of things, including changes to water bodies that can increase the risk of malaria.