PR2 - Lesson 1 2Q: Methodology

Group

Smaller than mass

Target Population

Whole Population

How many elements of methodology

5 elements

Research Design

Strategy that researcher uses to logically and coherently integrate components of a study

Descriptive

Also called survey research

Correlational

Relationship without causation

Ex-post Facto

Existing Phenomenon

Quasi Experimental

Causation without randomization

Pure Experimental

Causation with randomization

Sampling Technique

Process that allows researcher to select portion or segment a population

Research Instrument

Tool used to gather data on a topic

Statistical Treatment

Computing and organizing data to get results

3 Ways to make a research instrument

Adopt existing

Modify existing

Create your own

Threats to Validity

Possible problems in study

Internal Validity

Change in something because of independent variable

External Validity

Change in something because of outside, or extra, extraneous variables

Selection Bias

Unless there is a purpose for choosing, subjects are not randomly selected

Maturation

Long duration of study makes subjects different (example: aging subjects)

History

Doing a study but an unusual event causes unusual results

Instrumentation Change

Changing instrument in the study (example: using close-ended then using open-ended)

Morality

Subjects drop out of study and do not complete participation

Testing

Prior knowledge given to subjects

Experimenter Effect

Characteristics of researcher affect behavior of subjects (example: researcher crams the research and gets subjects)

Hawthorne Effect

Respondents know they are being observed and change their behavior

Measurement Efefct

Subjects are given pre-test and because of this they have knowledge

True Experimental Design

- Research can manipulate variables

- Researcher can give treatment

- Two groups of respondents

- Usually Random Assignment

Quasi Experimental Design

- Research can manipulate variables

- Researcher can give treatment

- Two groups of respondents

- No random assignment

Survey Studies

Reporting on a topic, whatever seen is described

Mass

Larger than group

Sample

Representative of the total population

Methods used to collect data

Telephone, Email, Text, Social media, Face to face

Retrospective

Dependent Variable at present and Independent Variable already occurred in the past

Cross-Sectional

Data collected at a single point in time but respondents are different phases and stages (example: different grade levels)

Longitdinal

From the term "long" collecting data from same set over a long period of time

Subjects

Individuals or groups that undergo intervention

Respondents

Individuals or groups that serve as sources of information

Population

People or objects that possess common characteristics

Accessible Population

Population that can easily be accessed

Sampling - Heuristics

Rule of thumb

Sampling - Literature Review

Using similar studies to determine size

Sampling - Formulas

Using formula and calculators

Sampling - Power Analysis

Detailed analysis with 5 steps

Probability Sampling

Every participant has a chance of being apart of the sample

Simple Random Sampling

Fishbowl technique, randomly picked subjects using "bunotan"

Stratified

Classifying groups according to characteristics and getting subjects from each stratum

Cluster

Groups but no characteristics classification

Systematic Sampling

Every nth item in the target population is selected

Non-Probability

Not everyone has a chance of being picked

Convinence

Whoever is available is picked

Quota

Similar to strata, divide population and pick according to how many you need

Purposive

Selecting according to purpose need of study (example: diabetic study needs diabetic patients)