cfap finals reviewer (FINAL)

Bugs

Programming errors that occur during the execution of a program.

Command-in line mode

Python's command-line mode allows you to enter and execute Python code directly within the terminal or command prompt, line by line, without the need for separate scripts or files.

Compilers

Programs that translate high-level programs into low-level languages before execution.

Debugging

The process of identifying and fixing errors or bugs in a program.

Formal language

Languages that are designed by people for specific applications.

Interpreters

Programs that read and execute high-level programs line by line.

Natural language

Languages that people speak (English, Spanish, etc.).

Object code/ executable

The translated program that can be executed by a computer.

Parsing

Analyzing code or data to understand its structure and meaning according to the syntax rules of a particular programming language or format.

Programming

The process of creating a set of instructions for a computer to execute.

Runtime Errors

Errors that do not appear until you run the program and are also called exceptions since they usually indicate that something exceptional (bad) has happened.

Script

A set of instructions or commands written in a programming language that tells a computer what to do step by step.

Script mode

Writing Python code in a file and executing it using the interpreter.

Semantic Errors

The program you wrote is NOT the program you wanted to write (produces a different outcome).

Source code

The original high-level program written by a programmer.

Structure

The way the tokens are arranged.

Syntax

The structure of a program and the rules about that structure.

Syntax Errors

When the code violates the rules or structure of the programming language, making it unable to be interpreted or executed by the computer.

Tokens

The smallest individual units or building blocks of a program, such as keywords, identifiers, operators, punctuation marks, and constants, which are recognized by the language's compiler or interpreter.

Arbitrary

Means "undetermined; not assigned a specific value."

Assignment

A statement that assigns a value to a variable.

Concatenation

The process of combining two or more strings or sequences together to create a single string or sequence.

Integer

A type of value that can be stored in a variable. Integers are whole numbers that can be positive, negative, or zero.

Interpreter

A program that directly executes the instructions in a high-level language, without converting it into machine code.

Keyword

A reserved word that is used by the compiler to parse a program.

Programming Language/System (PL/S)

A language developed by IBM to replace assembly language, used as a machine language.

Print statement

A statement in a program that displays variables, objects, or text to the output device (screen).

Rules of Precedence

The set of rules governing the order in which expressions involving multiple operators and operands are evaluated.

Script

A list of programmatically-written instructions that can be carried out on command.

String

A sequence of characters used to represent text in any computer programming language.

Syntax error

Mistakes in the source code, such as spelling and punctuation errors, incorrect labels, etc., which cause an error message to be generated by the compiler.

Value

A number or string that can be stored in a variable or computed in an expression.

Modulus Operator

Works on integers and integer expressions, yielding the remainder when the first operand is divided by the second. In Python, it is represented by the percent sign (%).

Boolean Expressions

Expressions that are either true or false. They can be written using comparison operators like ==, which compares two values and produces a boolean value.

Logical Operators

Three operators (and, or, not) used to combine or manipulate boolean values in programming. They have similar semantics to their meaning in English.

Conditional Execution

The ability to check conditions and change the behavior of a program accordingly using conditional statements like if, else, and elif.

Alternative Execution

If the condition is false, the second set of statements is executed. It allows different blocks of code to be executed based on whether certain conditions are true or false.

Block

A group of statements or code enclosed within braces {} or an indented section, used to define the scope of variables, functions, control structures, or to create a distinct section of code that executes together.

Branches

Different paths or directions that code execution can take based on conditions or decisions. They are created using conditional statements like if-else or switch-case.

Chained Conditionals

A series of conditional statements (if, elif, else) where multiple conditions are checked in sequence, allowing the code to follow different paths depending on which condition is true.

Nested Conditionals

The practice of placing one conditional statement inside another. It allows for more complex behaviors or structures in code.

Operand

The entities or values that an operator acts upon in an expression. For example, in "3 + 4," the numbers 3 and 4 are operands.

Operators

Symbols or keywords that perform specific operations on one or more operands. Examples include arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /) and logical operators (and, or, not).

Semantics

The meaning or interpretation of code, particularly how the instructions and structures convey intended actions or behavior within a programming language.