AP Euro -- WWI

Conscription

Conscription

Military draft

Militarism

a policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War I.

“Black Hand”

A Bosnian pro-Serbian Slavic unity terrorist group that executed Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914

“Blank Check” Alliance

The support of Austria-Hungary against Serbia by Germany, no matter if the war extended to Russian intervention

Schlieffen Plan

The inflexible German war plan made by military officer Schlieffen assumed war against France and Russia that required an invasion of neutral Belgium to surround Paris in the West and a less-strong eastern flank.

Mobilization

The organization of troops and weapons before war; many WWI war plans assumed full mobilization was necessary compared to political needs and led to the breakout of war.

First Battle of Marne

The first successful advancement of DE troops into France, but was counterattacked quickly and led to the development of trench warfare in the Western front.

Trench Warfare

warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed wire

“Breakthroughs”

Planned bursts of offensive attacks in trench warfare that often led to mass casualties from the use of machine guns

Eastern Front

Much more mobile war, with the Battles of Tannenburg, but was marked in Russian decline, the switch of alliances, and the elimination of Serbia from the war.

“World War”

The globalization of war, seen with the colonial fighting with Lawrence of Arabia to weaken the Ottoman Empire and the French African forces.

RMS Lusitania

a British passenger ship sunk following the Jutland naval battles of DE and GB that contained many American citizens, led to American unrest and eventual intervention following 1917 DE unrestricted submarine warfare legislation

total war

warfare in which all of a nation’s resources, including civilians at home as well as soldiers in the field, are mobilized for the war effort.

nationalization

the process of converting a business or industry from private ownership to government control and ownership. Seen with DE War Raw Materials Board, GLD’s Ministry of Munitions, and Clemenceau centralization.

19th Amendment

U.S. amendment adding women’s suffrage to the Constitution, made following the mass female labor during WWI shifting social roles.

Rasputin

Peasant whose political influence in Tsar Nicholas II’s policies led to Russian outrage

March Revolution

Russian Revolution in March of 1917 noted by the Women’s March protesting bread rations on March 8

April Theses

Lenin’s theses on a new socialist Russia with no bourgeois revolution and instead the immediate seizure of lands by peasants and production by laborers

Soviets

councils of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies formed throughout Russia in 1917 that played an important role in the Bolshevik Revolution

Bolsheviks

a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution. They seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed the Communists.

Kollonhai

Woman in Lenin’s Communist government who facilitated many new women’s social reforms such as equality, abortions, and a woman’s bureau. Later reforms dissolved due to government need for survival

war communism

Lenin’s policy of nationalizing industrial and other facilities and requisitioning the peasants’ produce during the civil war in Russia.

genocide

the deliberate extermination of a people. Seen with the Armenian Genocide in 1915 during WWI by the Turks.

self-determination

the doctrine that the people of a given territory or a particular nationality should have the right to determine their own government and political future.

2nd Battle of Marne

The final defeat of Ludendorff and his troops by American assistance.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Russian’s treaty for peace that gave up mass amounts of Baltic and Eastern European land.

German November Rev.

The creation of a German republic that was unstably ushered in after the Independent Socialist Democratic Party revolution, led to the foundations for Hitler’s power.

14 Points

Woodrow Wilson’s moral reasoning for WWI, stating the need for open alliances, reduced militarization, and self-determination.

War Guilt Clause

the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (with Austria) was responsible for starting World War I and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allies had suffered as a result of the war.

Paris Peace Conference

The conference held mostly by the Big Three (GB, U.S., FR) that created the League of Nations system of diplomacy and a defensive alliance of the Big Three.

Big Three

Alliance of GB, U.S., FR that later fell out after U.S. withdraw from European affairs after the Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles. Dissolvement led to the further resentment of France against Germany.

reparations

payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I.

mandates

a system established after World War I whereby a nation officially administered a territory (mandate) on behalf of the League of Nations. Thus, France administered Lebanon and Syria as mandates, and Britain administered Iraq and Palestine.