Paper 1 Organisation Biology Triple Higher

Why are muscle cells able to contract

As they control special protein fibres that can change their length

What is a tissue

A Tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function

What is an Organ

A group of tissues working together for a specific function

What does the stomach contain

Muscle tissues and glandular tissues which releases enzymes

What is an organ system

Organs which work together to form organisms

What 3 main nutrients does food contain

Proteins, Carbs, Lipids

Why do these molecules have to be digested

As the molecules are too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream

What happens during digestion

Large food molecules are broken down into small molecules by enzymes. The small molecules can then be absorbed into the bloodstream.

What are the steps in digestion

• Food is chewed in the mouth. Enzymes in the saliva break down starch into smaller sugar molecules

• Food passes down the Oesophagus into the stomach.

• In the stomach enzymes begin to digest proteins

• The stomach contains Hydrochloric acid which helps the enzymes digest the proteins

• The Churning Action of the stomach muscles turns the food into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest.

What do the enzymes the pancreas release do

Continue the digestion of starch and protein and start the digestion of lipids

What does the liver produce

Bile

What does Bile do

Speeds up digestion of lipids and neutralises the acid released from the stomach

What happens after digestion in the stomach

• The food passes into the small intestine where chemicals are released from the liver and pancreas

• In the small intestine the small food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream by either diffusion or by active transport

• The fluid makes its way into the large intestine where water is absorbed into the bloodstream

• The Faeces is released from the body

What are the products of digestion used for

Used by the body to build new carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins

What is some of the glucose used for

Respiration

What do enzymes do

Catalyse chemical reactions

What are enzymes

Large protein molecules with a groove on their surface called the active site

What is the active site

Where the substrate attaches too

What are the enzymes that break down proteins called

Proteases

Where are proteases found

The stomach, Pancreas and small intestine

What happens when we digest proteins

The protease enzymes convert the protein back into individual amino acids

What happens when the amino acids are absorbed back into the body cells

Joined in a different order to make human proteins

What are carbohydrates broken down into

Carbohydrase’s

In the case of starch what is this called

Amylase

What does a lipid molecule consist of

Molecule of glycerol attached to three molecules of fatty acids

What does lipid molecules get digested by

The enzyme lipase

What does this produce

Glycerol and fatty acids

Where do we find lipase

In the pancreatic fluid and in the small intestine

Where is Bile Stored

In the Gull Bladder

What does Bile do to large lipid droplets

Changes them into smaller droplets

Is Bile Alkaline or acidic

Alkaline

What does it being Alkaline mean

It neutralises stomach acid

What is the lock and key theory

The theory that enzymes are specific and the substrate must fit perfectly into the active site

What is the optimum temp

37 Degrees (Human Body Temp)

What happens if the temp goes past the optimum

The enzyme molecule vibrates and the shape of the active site changes

What happens if the pH is too alkaline or too acidic

The active site denatures

What colour does iodine turn if starch is present

Blue-Black

Explain the steps for the Effect of pH on Amylase Required Practical

• Add 2cm3 of starch solution to a test tube

• Add 2cm3 of Amylase solution to a test tube

• Add 2cm3 pH 5 buffer solution to a test tube

• Place all 3 test tubes in a water bath at 30oc and leave for 10 mins

• Combine the 3 solutions in one test tube and mix with a stirring rod. Return to the water bath and start a stopwatch

• After 30 seconds use the stirring rod to transfer a drop of solution into the iodine spotting tile

• The iodine should be Blue-Black

• Continue every 30 seconds until iodine remains orange

Explain the steps for the food test required practical

• Take the food sample and grind this with distilled water using a mortar and pestle. Making a paste.

• Transfer paste to a beaker and add more distilled water stirring so chemicals in the food dissolve in the water

• Filter the solution to remove suspended food particles

How do you test for starch

• Place 2cm3 of food solution into a test tube

• Add a few drops of iodine solution

• If starch is present it will turn a different colour

What colour does iodine solution if starch is present

Blue - Black

How do you test for sugars

Add 10 drops of benedict’s solution which is a blue colour

Place in a beaker of boiling water from a kettle

Leave for 5 mins

What colour does it turn

Green - Small amount

Yellow - More sugar

Brick red - Lots of sugar present

What’s the test for proteins

Add 2cm3 of Biuret solution which is a blue colour

What colour will it turn if its present

Purple or Lilac

What’s the test for lipids

Grind food with distilled water using a mortar and pestle

We do not filter it

Add 2cm3 of food solution

Add a few drops of distilled water and a few drops of ethanol

Gently shake

What colour will it turn

White cloudy emulsion

What is the interior of the small intestine filled with

Villi

What do villi do

Massively increase the surface area for the absorption of molecules

What is at the top the atrium or ventricles

Atrium

What’s important about the hearts chambers

The left and right is reversed

Explain how blood is moved in the heart by the tubes

Vena cava brings in deoxygenated blood from the body

The pulmonary artery brings the blood to the lungs

Pulmonary vein brings in the blood from the lungs to the heart

Aorta pumps blood around the body

Where is the pacemaker found

Right atrium

What do the capillaries do

Diffuses glucose and oxygen from the blood to cells

What are the different parts of blood

Plasma

What does Plasma contain

White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells, Platelets

What does Plasma do

Transports soluble digestion products from the small intestine to other organs

Co2 from organs to the lungs

Urea from the liver to the kidney

What does red blood cells do

Transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells

What does RBCs contain

Haemoglobin

What shape does a RBC have

Biconcave disc

What do Platelets do

Help the blood to clot

What happens in coronary heart disease

Fatty material builds up inside coronary arteries

What does this cause

No oxygen for heart muscles so heart attacks

What are some treatments

Statins

Stent

Explain the order of parts in the lungs

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

What are some adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange

Huge surface area

Very thin walls

Very good blood supply

What is a tumor

Uncontrolled growth

What are the 2 types of tumors

Benign

Malignant

What is a benign tumor

A tumour of growth of abnormal cells which are found in one area and don’t invade other areas

What is a malignant tumour

Tumour that invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream

Which one is a cancer

Malignant cells

What cancers are linked to genes

Breast

Prostate

Large intestines

What cancers are linked to lifestyle

Smoking - Lung

UV - Skin

Alcohol - Mouth and throat

What are the top and bottom layers of a leaf called

Upper epidermis

Lower epidermis

What are there cells/tissue called

Epidermal cells/tissue

What does the epidermis do

Protects the surface of the leaf

What is important about the upper epidermis

Transparent so lets light pass through

What is on top of the upper epidermis

The waxy cuticle

What does the waxy cuticle do

Reduces the evaporation of water from the surface of the leaf

What does the lower epidermis have

Tiny pores called stomata

What do the stomata do

Allow for co2 to enter and o2 to leave the leaf

Controls amount of water vapour passing through the leaf

What do you find on each side of the stomata

Guard cells

What is under the upper epidermis

Palisade mesophyll

What are palisade cells packed full of

Chloroplasts

What is under the palisade mesophyll

The spongy mesophyll

What does the SM contain

Air spaces

What do the air spaces do

Contain carbon dioxide to diffuse from the stomata through the spongy mesophyll to the palisade cells

What does xylem tissue do

Transports water from roots to leaves

What does phloem cells

Transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant

What is the movement of sugars and other molecules through phloem called

Translocation

What is transpiration

The evaporation of water from the surface of leaves

How does it start

Evaporation of water from cells inside the leaf

What does it do

Bring water for photosynthesis

Brings dissolved mineral ions

Evaporation cools leaf down