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Neuroscience
the scientific study of the nervous system
Biological Psychology
also called behavioral neuroscience, brain and behavior, and physiological psychology; the study of the biological bases of psychological processes and behavior
Dualism
the notion, promoted by Rene Descartes, that the mind has an immaterial aspect that is distinct from the material body and brain
Phrenology
the belief that bumps on the skull reflect enlargements of brain regions responsible for certain behavioral difficulties
Localization of Function
the concept that different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors
Conserved
in the context of evolution, referring to a trait that is passed on from a common ancestor or two or more descendant species
Ontogeny
the process by which an individual changes in the course of its lifetime--that is, grows up and grows old
Neuron
also called a nerve cell; the basic unit of the nervous system
Neuroplasticity
also called neural plasticity; the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience of the environment
Adult Neurogenesis
the creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult
Social Neuroscience
a field of study that uses the tools of neuroscience to discover both the biological bases of social behavior and the effects of social circumstances on brain activity
Evolutionary Psychology
a field of study devoted to asking how natural selection has shaped behavior in humans and other animals
Epigenetics
the study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves
Gene Expression
the turning on or off of specific genes
Neuroeconomics
the study of brain mechanisms at work during economic decision making
Consciousness
the state of awareness of one's own existence, thoughts, emotions, and experience
Somatic Intervention
an approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves in manipulating body structure or function and looking for resultant changes in behavior
Independent Variable
the factor that is manipulated by an experimenter
Dependent Variable
the factor that an experimenter measures to monitor a change in response to changes in an independent variable
Control Group
In research, a group of individuals that are identical to those in an experimental (or test) group in every way except that they do not receive the experimental treatment or manipulation. The experimental group is then compared with the control group to assess the effect of the treatment
Within-participants Experiment
an experiment in which the same set of individuals is compared before and after an experimental manipulation; the experimental group thus serves as its own control group
Between-participants Experiment
an experiment in which an experimental group of individuals is compared with a control group of individuals that have been treated identically in every way except that they haven't received the experimental manipulation
Behavioral Intervention
an approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves intervening in the behavior of an organism and looking for resultant changes in body structure or function
Correlation
the tendency of two measures to very in concert, such that a change in one measure is matched by a change in the other
Causality
the relation of cause and effect, such that we can conclude that an experimental manipulation has specifically caused an observed result
Reductionism
the scientific strategy of breaking a system down into increasingly smaller parts in order to understand it
Levels of Analysis
the scope of experimental approaches; a scientist may try to understand behavior by monitoring molecules, nerve cells, brain regions, or social environments or use some combination of these levels of analysis