Chapter 1: The Mind's Machine

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27 Terms

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Neuroscience

the scientific study of the nervous system

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Biological Psychology

also called behavioral neuroscience, brain and behavior, and physiological psychology; the study of the biological bases of psychological processes and behavior

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Dualism

the notion, promoted by Rene Descartes, that the mind has an immaterial aspect that is distinct from the material body and brain

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Phrenology

the belief that bumps on the skull reflect enlargements of brain regions responsible for certain behavioral difficulties

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Localization of Function

the concept that different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors

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Conserved

in the context of evolution, referring to a trait that is passed on from a common ancestor or two or more descendant species

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Ontogeny

the process by which an individual changes in the course of its lifetime--that is, grows up and grows old

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Neuron

also called a nerve cell; the basic unit of the nervous system

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Neuroplasticity

also called neural plasticity; the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience of the environment

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Adult Neurogenesis

the creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult

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Social Neuroscience

a field of study that uses the tools of neuroscience to discover both the biological bases of social behavior and the effects of social circumstances on brain activity

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Evolutionary Psychology

a field of study devoted to asking how natural selection has shaped behavior in humans and other animals

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Epigenetics

the study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves

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Gene Expression

the turning on or off of specific genes

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Neuroeconomics

the study of brain mechanisms at work during economic decision making

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Consciousness

the state of awareness of one's own existence, thoughts, emotions, and experience

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Somatic Intervention

an approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves in manipulating body structure or function and looking for resultant changes in behavior

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Independent Variable

the factor that is manipulated by an experimenter

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Dependent Variable

the factor that an experimenter measures to monitor a change in response to changes in an independent variable

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Control Group

In research, a group of individuals that are identical to those in an experimental (or test) group in every way except that they do not receive the experimental treatment or manipulation. The experimental group is then compared with the control group to assess the effect of the treatment

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Within-participants Experiment

an experiment in which the same set of individuals is compared before and after an experimental manipulation; the experimental group thus serves as its own control group

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Between-participants Experiment

an experiment in which an experimental group of individuals is compared with a control group of individuals that have been treated identically in every way except that they haven't received the experimental manipulation

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Behavioral Intervention

an approach to finding relations between body variables and behavioral variables that involves intervening in the behavior of an organism and looking for resultant changes in body structure or function

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Correlation

the tendency of two measures to very in concert, such that a change in one measure is matched by a change in the other

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Causality

the relation of cause and effect, such that we can conclude that an experimental manipulation has specifically caused an observed result

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Reductionism

the scientific strategy of breaking a system down into increasingly smaller parts in order to understand it

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Levels of Analysis

the scope of experimental approaches; a scientist may try to understand behavior by monitoring molecules, nerve cells, brain regions, or social environments or use some combination of these levels of analysis